渤海及北黄海气溶胶分布特征和大气校正研究

根据2003-2005年三年夏季渤海及北黄海海上调查资料,使用浑浊度系数α和埃斯特朗指数β描述气溶胶的光学厚度,对该海域上空气溶胶分布特征进行了分析.调查数据显示,浑浊度系数α的范围是0.03～2.76,大部分站点α集中分布在1个比较小的范围内;埃斯特朗指数β的范围是0.12～1.64,其分布较分散.在β=1.3处存在一个β最大值,在β<0.8的范围分布相对均匀.分析还发现,气溶胶的光学厚度与标准化气压有明显的负相关(相关系数为-0.42),特别是二者对应变化曲线的跨零点基本重合.在数据分析的基础上,作者提出了两尺度气溶胶的光学厚度模型以及对应的两尺度气溶胶散射的反射率模型,这样可将传统气溶胶模型中乘幂形式的两个变量结合改为两个变量线性组合,从而将气溶胶散射的反射率并入整体反演公式,使之有可能被用于水色遥感的线性系统算法,从而避免传统大气校正的过程,这为二类水体水色反演提供了一种新思路.     

甘肃三个台地磁日变赫斯特指数的时序特征

选用甘肃嘉峪关、兰州和天水地磁台2011—2013年的观测数据,重点研究地磁垂直向日变化波形下行段的赫斯特指数变化的时序特征。结果表明,在此3年内,嘉峪关台和兰州台地磁垂直向日变化波形下行段的赫斯特指数变化范围分别是0.08和0.06,天水台在2012年存在一个赫斯特指数幅度超过正常变化范围的过程,在此过程完成后的2013年7月22日,在距离天水130km的漳县和岷县交界发生M6.6地震。结合其他学者的研究结果,认为这一赫斯特指数的异常变化过程可能反映了区域性地球深部(下地壳与上地幔)热物质运移变化而引起地球局部居里面变化,也可能是地震孕育过程在地磁日变中的表征。这一发现有益于进一步研究地磁日变异常的机理、震磁关系以及地震预报的探索。     

几何缺陷对拱结构动力稳定性的影响

分析了外激励下几何缺陷对拱结构动力稳定性的影响。推导了拱结构边界确定而结构本身节点坐标偏差随机且指数相关时的条件相关矩阵,分解得到几何缺陷的分布方式和大小。从非线性运动方程出发,分别得出了周期荷载作用下非线性刚度矩阵可线性化,非周期荷载作用下同时考虑几何、材料非线性的Lyapunov指数计算方法。最后以一圆弧拱为例分别对周期荷载、阶跃荷载、脉冲荷载及地震荷载作用下几何缺陷的影响进行了数值分析。结果表明周期激励作用下拱结构存在动力失稳频域;在不同分布方式几何缺陷中动力稳定性对与屈曲模态相似的缺陷最为敏感。     

Oscillatory Zoning in an Agate from Kazakhstan: Autocorrelation Functions and Fractal Statistics of Trace Element Distributions

The results of numerical treatment of proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) data for trace element (Fe, Sr, Zn) contents in agate from the environment surrounding the city of Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) are presented in this paper. In order to mathematically characterize the zoning pattern, fractal geometry, correlation, and Fourier analyses were used for investigation of trace element distributions. Autocorrelation calculations show that oscillations in Fe, Sr, and Zn along the profile have periodic components. It is shown that trace element distributions can be described in terms of fractal geometry. The measured Hurst exponents by methods of the width and the power spectrum are mostly in the range 0.14–0.28, indicating fractal scaling and antipersistent behavior of trace elements along the profile.     

Effective Permeability Estimation for 2-D Fractal Permeability Fields

Hurst exponents (H) of the distribution of permeability at micro (pore) scale were measured as close to 0.1 for sandstone and limestone samples. Based on these observations and previously reported H values for field scale permeability distribution ranging between 0.6 and 0.9, square permeability fields at different scales varying between 1 and 100 ft were generated for the H values of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9. The study also considered different permeability fields and number of grids ranging from 10 to 500 md and from 8 × 8 to 64 × 64, respectively. The effective permeability of fractally distributed 2-D fields was calculated using different averaging techniques and compared to the actual (equivalent) permeability obtained through numerical simulation. The geometric mean and power averaging techniques as well as the perturbation theory yielded the most reasonable agreement between the actual and calculated effective permeabilities. The accuracy of these techniques increases with increasing average model permeability. It was also observed that as the H decreases, the permeability values obtained were higher than the actual values. Two extreme values of the number of grids (8 × 8 and 64 × 64) yielded the highest error percentages. Thus, the optimum number of grids was found to be 16 × 16 and 32 × 32 depending on the average permeability of the model. The exponent of the power law model was correlated to the fractal dimension of the permeability field for 8 × 8 and 64 × 64 grids. While a good correlation exists for 8 × 8 number of grids, no correlation was obtained for 64 × 64. Hence, an alternate model was proposed for 8 × 8 grids but for grid numbers higher than 32 × 32, no technique was found suitable for averaging of the fractal permeability fields.     

Nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent and atmospheric predictability research

Because atmosphere itself is a nonlinear system and there exist some problems using the linearized equations to study the initial error growth, in this paper we try to use the error nonlinear growth theory to discuss its evolution, based on which we first put forward a new concept: nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent. It is quite different from the classic Lyapunov exponent because it may characterize the finite time error local average growth and its value depends on the initial condition, initial error, variables, evolution time, temporal and spatial scales. Based on its definition and the at-mospheric features, we provide a reasonable algorithm to the exponent for the experimental data, obtain the atmospheric initial error growth in finite time and gain the maximal prediction time. Lastly, taking 500 hPa height field as example, we discuss the application of the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent in the study of atmospheric predictability and get some reliable results: atmospheric predictability has a distinct spatial structure. Overall, predictability shows a zonal distribution. Prediction time achieves the maximum over tropics, the second near the regions of Antarctic, it is also longer next to the Arctic and in subtropics and the mid-latitude the predictability is lowest. Particularly speaking, the average prediction time near the equation is 12 days and the maximum is located in the tropical Indian, Indonesia and the neighborhood, tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, on these regions the prediction time is about two weeks. Antarctic has a higher predictability than the neighboring latitudes and the prediction time is about 9 days. This feature is more obvious on Southern Hemispheric summer. In Arctic, the predictability is also higher than the one over mid-high latitudes but it is not pronounced as in Antarctic. Mid-high latitude of both Hemispheres (30°S―60°S, 30°―60°N) have the lowest predictability and the mean prediction time is just 3―4 d. In addition, predictability varies with the seasons. Most regions in the Northern Hemisphere, the predictability in winter is higher than that in summer, especially in the mid-high latitude: North Atlantic, North Pacific and Greenland Island. However in the Southern Hemisphere, near the Antarctic regions (60°S―90°S), the corresponding summer has higher predictability than its winter, while in other areas especially in the latitudes of 30°S―60°S, the prediction does not change obviously with the seasons and the average time is 3―5 d. Both the theoretical and data computation results show that nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent and the nonlinear local error growth really may measure the predictability of the atmospheric variables in different temporal and spatial scales.     

若干固体材料脆-延性转变及宏观结构的实验研究

石灰岩、石蜡-松香-水泥粉混合物和环氧树脂等固体材料室温下的压缩变形实验表明,随着围压的加大和材料可塑性的增强,试件破坏形式由脆性转变为延性,在宏观结构上表现为从脆性单斜破裂、半脆性共轭破裂,到半延性和延性网状流动,以及延性均匀流动的转变.材料屈服后在应力-应变曲线上所出现的平缓段或应变硬化段对应着试件中的网络状或均匀塑性流动;随着应变的增大,当出现负坡或坡度减小现象时,则标志着试件内宏观破裂的贯通,在宏观破坏结构上往往表现为共轭流动网络与共轭破裂网络的重叠,前者网带近似正交,后者斜交.蠕变实验进一步表明,稳态蠕变幂次流动律的应力指数n 值的大小反映了试件不同的宏观流动结构:网络状流动,n 显著大于1,为非牛顿流;均匀流动,n 等于或近似于1,为牛顿流或近似牛顿流.     

裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展

对有洞的和裂缝型储层的分析已经成为一个热点,因而孔隙模型的研究近年得到了很好的发展.目前已经用双孔隙和三孔隙模型研究这类储层的特性并寻找估计孔隙指数的方法,以便计算含水饱和度.用串联或并联电阻网络模拟储层表明：双孔隙模型适用于基质与非连通孔洞储层以及裂缝和（或）连通孔洞的储层.三孔隙模型更适用于由基质、裂缝和不连通孔洞组成储层的岩石物理评价,对于当前碳酸盐岩和火成岩以及变质岩储层评价具有明显的指导意义.     

Von Karman 型自相关函数模拟随机介质

利用Von Karman型自相关函数建立了随机介质模型,对自相关长度、谱指数两个参量分别讨论了模型的特征,分析了不同扰动标准差下模型 中速度的分布和变化情况。结果显示：改变自相关长度及横纵向谱指数,都可以产生横向和纵向上非均匀体尺度改变的随机介质模型;扰动标准差 不同,得到的随机扰动的范围就不同,从而引起模型中速度围绕背景速度上下波动。从模拟结果图显示,随机介质模型能灵活地描述实际介质。