Two decades of polar ozone research via airborne science investigations: Addressing a NASA mandate in atmospheric composition

The comprehensive investigation of polar ozone photochemistry and dynamics has required data obtained from as full a complement of available platforms as possible (ground-based, balloon, aircraft, and satellites). Perhaps the most detailed process studies have been conducted using measurements from aircraft, taking advantage of their targeting capabilities coupled with the potential for enabling measurements at high spatial and temporal resolution. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the first airborne science investigation of polar ozone in an effort to establish the causes of the recurring seasonal depletion of the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica that was identified in the mid-1980s. Subsequent airborne studies in the polar regions of both hemispheres benefitted from extensive successful collaborations among international scientists and the integration of the aircraft measurements with those obtained using ground-based, balloon-borne, and satellite instruments. This article provides an historical perspective of NASA's utilization of its airborne assets to advance our understanding of the chemical and physical processes that control the abundance of stratospheric ozone in both the Antarctic and Arctic.     

基于机载LIDAR的地勘专题图测绘技术研究

根据地质勘查和矿山设计的用图需要,针对传统测图技术的滞后现状,结合矿山地理位置要素的实际情况和现代机载LIDAR技术的应用特点,经过实践创新研究,总结出符合地质勘查工作实际地图测绘的新方法、新工艺.     

航空重力测量的系统误差补偿

基于航空重力测量的基本数学模型,详细分析了航空重力测量的系统误差来源.大致可将系统误差分为三类,即停机坪重力基准值、比力初值的观测误差,格值、交叉耦合系数、摆杆尺度因子的标定误差和水平加速度改正的模型化误差等.然后,对每类系统误差的量级及其补偿方法进行了研究,指出水平加速度改正是引起系统误差的主要因素之一.大同、哈尔滨和渤海湾航空重力测量的实测数据分析均表明,在各项系统误差尤其是水平加速度改正得到有效补偿后,航空重力与地面(或船测)参考值的系统误差将小于1×10^-5m·s^-2.     

Onshore–offshore structure and hydrocarbon potential of the South Yellow Sea

Recent high-resolution airborne gravity data taken over the South Yellow Sea and its western onshore–offshore transition zone, combined with ground gravity data taken over the onshore area (Subei Basin), China, show that the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea and the Subei Basin correspond to the same gravity low anomaly. Magnetic data also support our interpretations. Both areas have similar strata, structures and hydrocarbon potential, and form a large Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin controlled by the Tanlu Fault. Cenozoic terrestrial strata are well developed in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea, and thick Meso–Paleozoic marine strata are preserved in the Central uplift area. Future hydrocarbon exploration in the South Yellow Sea should focus on the Cenozoic continental sequence, especially the Paleogene in the South Basin, as well as the Meso–Paleozoic marine rocks in the Central uplift area. The western part of the middle depression and middle and western parts of the north depression in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea have the greatest potential for hydrocarbon accumulation.     

航空高光谱识别的高、中、低铝绢云母矿物成因学研究

国内外学者在航空高光谱矿物填图时,根据Al-OH光谱特征吸收波长位置不同将浅色云母类矿物分为2~3类,分别命名为高铝绢云母、中铝绢云母、低铝绢云母,但对它们的成因特点却只有零星的讨论,没有比较系统的有针对性的研究。本文在新疆雪米斯坦铀多金属成矿带获取CASI/SASI航空高光谱数据,并开展矿物填图的基础上,针对高铝绢云母、中铝绢云母、低铝绢云母等三种矿物的成因学专门开展了比较系统的研究。采用的方法主要是在开展详细的野外地质观察、采样的基础上,对采集的上述三类矿物蚀变岩样品进行详细的室内光谱测量、Al-OH吸收波长位置统计、显微薄片观察、全岩X衍射分析、粘土X衍射分析等研究,并结流体成矿理论和已有矿物成因学知识,进行了详细深入的分析讨论。研究表明,高铝绢云母蚀变岩蚀变强烈,云母类蚀变矿物以绢云母、伊利石为主,且主要与叶腊石和微晶石英等矿物伴生,而低铝绢云母蚀变岩蚀变强度中等,以伊利石、伊蒙混层为主,绿泥石增加,主要与方解石、浊沸石等矿物伴生;高铝绢云母蚀变岩具有相对高的石英含量和粘土矿物总量,具有相对较低的钾长石、斜长石以及方解石含量;低铝绢云母蚀变岩则具有相对较低的石英和粘土含量,具有相对较高的斜长石、钾长石和方解石含量。通过深入分析讨论,本文提出了在研究区航空高光谱识别的高铝绢云母形成于相对高温、偏酸性的热液流体环境,低铝形成于相对低温、偏碱性的热液流体环境。这一新认识对航空高光谱遥感矿物填图结果的深入应用和深层次找矿信息反演具有重要意义。     

Single tree biomass modelling using airborne laser scanning

Accurate forest biomass mapping methods would provide the means for e.g. detecting bioenergy potential, biofuel and forest-bound carbon. The demand for practical biomass mapping methods at all forest levels is growing worldwide, and viable options are being developed. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is a promising forest biomass mapping technique, due to its capability of measuring the three-dimensional forest vegetation structure. The objective of the study was to develop new methods for tree-level biomass estimation using metrics derived from ALS point clouds and to compare the results with field references collected using destructive sampling and with existing biomass models. The study area was located in Evo, southern Finland. ALS data was collected in 2009 with pulse density equalling approximately 10 pulses/m². Linear models were developed for the following tree biomass components: total, stem wood, living branch and total canopy biomass. ALS-derived geometric and statistical point metrics were used as explanatory variables when creating the models. The total and stem biomass root mean square error per cents equalled 26.3% and 28.4% for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and 36.8% and 27.6% for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), respectively. The results showed that higher estimation accuracy for all biomass components can be achieved with models created in this study compared to existing allometric biomass models when ALS-derived height and diameter were used as input parameters. Best results were achieved when adding field-measured diameter and height as inputs in the existing biomass models. The only exceptions to this were the canopy and living branch biomass estimations for spruce. The achieved results are encouraging for the use of ALS-derived metrics in biomass mapping and for further development of the models.     

Radargrammetric registration of airborne multi-aspect SAR data of urban areas

In this paper, the registration of decimeter-resolution airborne multi-aspect SAR (MASAR) data of inner city areas by application of the radargrammetric range-Doppler equations is investigated. The geometrical model is adapted to linear flight trajectories and zero-Doppler processed SAR data, whereas the observed trajectory parameters are adjusted using a strict Gauss–Helmert model and known ground control points. The significance of the estimated corrections is examined and the most suitable set of free parameters is determined. Finally, the methodology is applied to real test data of an airborne campaign over the city of Munich, Germany, and the feasability of the proposed radargrammetric registration method is shown.     

Filtering airborne LiDAR data by embedding smoothness-constrained segmentation in progressive TIN densification

Progressive TIN densification (PTD) is one of the classic methods for filtering airborne LiDAR point clouds. However, it may fail to preserve ground measurements in areas with steep terrain. A method is proposed to improve the PTD using a point cloud segmentation method, namely segmentation using smoothness constraint (SUSC). The classic PTD has two core steps. The first is selecting seed points and constructing the initial TIN. The second is an iterative densification of the TIN. Our main improvement is embedding the SUSC between these two steps. Specifically, after selecting the lowest points in each grid cell as initial ground seed points, SUSC is employed to expand the set of ground seed points as many as possible, as this can identify more ground seed points for the subsequent densification of the TIN-based terrain model. Seven datasets of ISPRS Working Group III/3 are utilized to test our proposed algorithm and the classic PTD. Experimental results suggest that, compared with the PTD, the proposed method is capable of preserving discontinuities of landscapes and reducing the omission errors and total errors by approximately 10% and 6% respectively, which would significantly decrease the cost of the manual operation required for correcting the result in post-processing.     

Terrasolid软件处理激光点云数据的研究与改进

Terrasolid软件能够进行机载LiDAR激光点云数据的粗差剔除、滤波和分类等操作,目前应用较为广泛,但由于源代码不公开,处理数据的准确性和真实度还有待商榷.文中基于Terrasolid软件开发了一个精度估算的模块,为实验参数的设置提供技术参考.该模块在点云数据处理实验中运用,取得良好的效果.     

Optimization of Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) imagery,in situ data with chemometrics to evaluate nutrients in the Shenandoah River,Virginia

Abstract

Phosphorus and nitrogen have a strong influence on water resource and remote sensing technology has demonstrated that water quality monitoring over a greater range of temporal and spatial scales can be used to overcome these constraints. This research was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining remotely-sensed water quality observation and chemometric techniques to estimate water quality in the Shenandoah River. We used Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) imagery, combined with a partial least squares analysis to characterize the spatial distribution of nutrients in the Sheanadoah river. ARCHER retrievals for phosphorous with cross-validation show high sensitivity in estimating water quality in the Shenandoah River with the Bentonville in the South Fork, with an R2 of 0.93 sensitivity. Using the significance level of 0.05, data from the summer of 2014 showed that the p-value was 0.00 for both nitrogen and phosphorous. Results show retrieval method is transferable.