3D joint inversion of magnetotelluric and airborne tipper data: a case study from the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit,British Columbia,Canada

Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and broadband magnetotelluric data were used to determine three‐dimensional electrical resistivity models of the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit in British Columbia. Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic data are collected with a helicopter, thus allowing rapid surveys with uniform spatial sampling. Ground‐based magnetotelluric surveys can achieve a greater exploration depth than Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic surveys, but data collection is slower and can be limited by difficult terrain. The airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and the ground magnetotelluric tipper data show good agreement at the Morrison deposit despite differences in the data collection method, spatial sampling, and collection date. Resistivity models derived from individual inversions of the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and magnetotelluric impedance data contain some similar features, but the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic model appears to lack resolution below a depth of 1 km, and the magnetotelluric model suffers from non‐uniform and relatively sparse spatial sampling. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion solves these issues by combining the dense spatial sampling of the airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic technique and the deeper penetration of the lower frequency magnetotelluric data. The resulting joint resistivity model correlates well with the known geology and distribution of alteration at the Morrison deposit. Higher resistivity is associated with the potassic alteration zone and volcanic country rocks, whereas areas of lower resistivity agree with known faults and sedimentary units. The pyrite halo and ≥0.3% Cu zone have the moderate resistivity that is expected of disseminated sulphides. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion provides an improved resistivity model by enhancing the lateral and depth resolution of resistivity features compared with the individual Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and magnetotelluric inversions. This case study shows that a joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic–magnetotelluric approach effectively images the interpreted mineralised zone at the Morrison deposit and could be beneficial in exploration for disseminated sulphides at other porphyry deposits.     

机载激光雷达技术在地质灾害调查中的应用——以四川九寨沟7.0级地震为例

九寨沟7.0级地震诱发的地质灾害具有高位滑坡远程灾害的特点,传统地质灾害排查手段无法有效解决隐患的早期识别问题。本文采用机载激光雷达测量技术,快速获取九寨沟地震核心景区的激光点云数据。通过构建高精度数字高程模型(DEM)、数字正射影像图(DOM),建立三维地质灾害解译场景,利用数字地形分析、地形形态学分析和计算机图像识别等技术,综合开展九寨沟高位远程区域内隐蔽性强、随机性大的地质灾害隐患早期识别与分析。应用实践表明,机载激光雷达测量技术可以提高九寨沟地震灾区地质灾害隐患的早期识别能力,对进一步提高综合防灾减灾能力提供了一些可借鉴的思路。     

导电大地上航空电磁系统校准

航空电磁系统校准是开展实际测量工作的基础,校准情况直接影响数据处理和解释.传统校准方法通常假设在自由空间中进行,忽略导电大地耦合影响.然而,实际工作中很难找到绝对高阻的校准场地,导电大地对系统校准和观测数据的影响无法忽视.本文以频率域航空电磁系统为例,对导电大地上航电系统校准技术和校准误差改正方法进行研究.我们首先推导了层状导电大地上水平共面和直立共轴线圈系统的校准公式,结果表明导电大地对航电系统校准尤其是水平共面装置的高频信号影响很大.针对校准过程中大地电导率已知的情况,本文采用非线性方程求解技术一次性确定校准线圈位置和Q值;在没有任何辅助信息情况下,也可直接利用实测数据计算校正因子进行迭代求解.测试结果表明该方法快速、准确、有效.考虑到系统相位和增益调整直接影响观测数据,本文提出了航空电磁数据校准误差的改正算法.实测数据误差改正结果表明,导电大地对高频信号影响严重,校准误差改正后的航空电磁数据与实际地质资料更好吻合.     

Integrated geophysical exploration in onshore frontier basins

Faced with the challenge of rapidly screening a huge expanse of frontier exploration acreage, often characterized by sparse vintage data, it is our experience that a combination of appropriate air- and ground-based geophysical techniques contributes positively to the exploration value chain. Airborne gravity gradiometry in conjunction with conventional gravity and magnetic data, as well as geological knowledge, add significant value to the screening process. This combination can subsequently assist in optimizing the location of the more time-consuming and expensive seismic programme. In addition, analysis and inversion of passive seismic data have also proven useful in providing depth to basement estimates, and results derived from all the techniques investigated have been consistent within several study areas. Following initial tests, where the data were independently analysed and cross-checked for consistency (including comparisons with active source seismic data and well data, when available), the company now routinely adopts the integration of these techniques in our frontier exploration acreage to support sedimentary basin delineation and mapping. This allows the optimal positioning and focussing of the higher spend and higher footprint programmes, such as active reflection seismic.     

Heli-borne gravity gradiometry in rugged terrain

For airborne gravity gradiometry in rugged terrain, helicopters offer a significant advantage over fixed-wing aircraft: their ability to maintain much lower ground clearances. Crucially, this provides both better signal-to-noise and better spatial resolution than is possible with a fixed-wing survey in the same terrain. Comparing surveys over gentle terrain at Margaret Lake, Canada, and over rugged terrain at Mount Aso, Japan, demonstrates that there is some loss of spatial resolution in the more rugged terrain. The slightly higher altitudes forced by rugged terrain make the requirements for terrain correction easier than for gentle terrain. Transforming the curvature gradients measured by the Falcon gravity gradiometer into gravity and the complete set of tensor components is done by a Fourier method over gentle terrain and an equivalent source method for rugged terrain. The Fourier method is perfectly stable and uses iterative padding to improve the accuracy of the longer wavelengths. The equivalent source method relies on a smooth model inversion, and the source distribution must be designed to suit the survey design.     

基于瞬时电流脉冲的三维时间域航空电磁全波形正演模拟

传统时间域航空电磁全波形正演模拟主要采用间接法(褶积算法)和直接法(时域有限差分方法等),然而褶积算法需要获得精确的电流二阶导数,这给发射电流数据采集工作带来极大挑战;时域有限差分方法受到网格和时间步长的严格限制,缺乏灵活性.为解决这些问题,本文采用时域有限元方法,通过直接改变每个时间道上的瞬时电流强度模拟任意发射波形的电磁响应.由于无需计算电流二阶导数,大大提高了正演结果的精度.利用基于非结构四面体网格的矢量有限元方法和后推欧拉技术对时间域电场扩散方程进行空间和时间离散,实现三维航空电磁时间域全波形的直接正演模拟.由此不仅可以模拟复杂的地电结构,而且基于后推欧拉法的无条件稳定性,可以更加灵活地选取时间步长,提高计算效率.通过与1D数值模拟结果进行对比验证了该方法的准确性.本文对三维柱状体模型上HELITEM MULTIPULSE和VTEM系统实际发射波形电磁响应进行模拟,并与褶积算法的结果进行比较,验证了本文算法模拟实际发射波形电磁响应的优越性.对复杂三维地质体模型上不同发射波形电磁响应进行模拟,验证了时间域有限元算法可有效处理复杂地下地质结构.     

一种基于机载点云的DEM生成方法研究

DEM即数字高程模型,是通过有限的地形高程数据实现对地面地形的数字化模拟。DEM具有许多生产方式,作为直接获取对象表面点三维坐标的现代对地观测技术,机载激光扫描在DEM构建方面具有很大优势。因此,本文研究了一种基于机载激光点云数据的DEM生成方法,该方法的关键在于机载点云的地面滤波处理。本文提出了一种改进的渐进三角网滤波方法,通过计算各点坡度以及邻域范围内的高差最大值,进行直方图统计分析,实现高度及角度阈值的自适应估计。将本文结果与人工滤波及布料滤波方法进行对比分析。实验结果表明,本文方法的结果更加贴近人工滤波处理效果,可有效提高DEM生成的精度。     

机载双天线InSAR复图像自动配准研究

干涉雷达复图像之间的精确配准是提高雷达干涉测量精度的关键之一。对于机载双天线干涉雷达系统,精确的地形高程测量需要精确的干涉相位来保证,从而要求干涉复图像在亚像元级的精确配准。为了使两幅机载双天线InSAR复图像之间配准精度达到亚像元级以及提高运算效率,在分析前人算法的基础上,分别采用基于快速傅里叶变换(FFT)复相关精配准算法以及基于过采样图像的精配准方法对机载双天线InSAR复图像进行精配准试验和比较,生成了干涉条纹图,并进行了相干性分析。试验结果表明,机载双天线复图像相干性很高、偏移量较小;对于机载双天线复数据而言,这两种方法都可以有效地实现复图像数据的高精度配准,但是从配准精度以及算法运行时间来看,基于FFT的复相关精配准算法较优,运算效率更高,且更具实用性。     

Spatial Analysis of Airborne Geophysical Data Applied to Geological Mapping and Mineral Prospecting in the Serra Leste Region, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil

The Serra Leste region, located in the northeast portion of Carajás Mineral Province (PA), hosts important chrome-PGE, Au–Pd–Pt, Cu–Mo–Au, iron, and manganese deposits and occurrences related to different geological settings. We present a regional prospective model with focus on PGE mineralizations based on airborne geophysics (magnetometry, gamma-ray spectrometry and time domain electromagnetometry) and geological data. Geological and geophysics data analysis indicate a plausible correspondence between areas with meta-mafic–ultramafic rocks and low values in gamma spectrometry, mainly for the thorium channel. The meta-ultramafic units of the complexes, the main host rock of the PGE mineralization, are well defined by analytic signal from the anomalous magnetic field and by the apparent conductance anomalies derived from the GEOTEM system. The combination of the derivative products with updated geological data of the Serra Leste region and PGE-Luanga deposit enable to establish a regional prospective model for PGE and the identification of new targets within the studied area.     

基于机载Lidar的地貌数据快速更新方案研究

空间地理信息作为国家信息资源的重要组成部分之一,承担着越来越重要的作用,地貌数据作为空间数据的组成部分,其数据采集及更新十分重要。机载Lidar问世以来受到测绘行业广泛重视,其应用不断扩展。该文以地貌数据的快速更新为研究目的,深入分析了地貌更新流程以及机载Lidar数据成果,并在此之上提出基于机载Lidar数据的地貌快速更新方案,研究其具体步骤以及核心技术,同时采用CAD二次开发实现地貌更新数据预处理,大幅提高地貌更新效率。