Infrared imagery of ‘breaking’ internal waves

Airborne infrared imagery is shown to provide preliminary evidence of surface thermal expressions associated with internal waves that become unstable and break over the continental shelf. These expressions include a narrow wave front that is warmer than the ambient; a wide, spatially intermittent ‘wake’ that is colder than the ambient; and ∼O (10 m) diameter surface-renewal ‘boils’ that populate the wake. These thermal signatures might be useful in assessing the spatial distribution and structure of breaking internal waves.     

Modelling Internal Boundary-Layer Development in a Region with a Complex Coastline

The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of two quite different models to simulate the combined spatial and temporal variability of the internal boundary layer in an area of complex terrain and coastline during one day. The simple applied slab model of Gryning and Batchvarova, and the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (CSU-RAMS) are tested by comparison with data gathered during a field study (called Pacific '93) of photochemical pollution in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The data utilised here are drawn from tethered balloon flights, free flying balloon ascents, and downlooking lidar operated from an aircraft flown at roughly 3500 m above sea level. Both models are found to represent the temporal and spatial development of the internal boundary-layer depth over the Lower Fraser Valley very well, and reproduce many of the finer details revealed by the measurements.     

利用机载SAR震害影像特征快速圈定极震区

利用3m 或6m 分辨率的机载SAR震害影像,获取高烈度区样本单元的房屋毁坏率,并以此为特征参量,根据3 种不同类型地震建立的房屋毁坏率与烈度响应模型,确定相应烈度房屋毁坏率的阈值,最终快速确定极震区并圈定其范围,这对地震抢险救灾具有重要意义     

地震灾害损失评估数据库的设计与建立──以唐山地震为例

建立地震灾害损失评估数据库是以ＩＬＷＩＳ和ＰＣＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯＧＩＳ软件为工作平台。它能支持矢量格式的专题图件、栅格形成的遥感数据及关系表中的属性数据；它还可以实现矢量－栅格转换；而且数据库中的属性数据作为一个独立的关系表格存贮，并对应于其相关的空间单元。该数据库是以１９７６年唐山地震的航空遥感资料为基础，主要分３步进行。第一：建立地震区的基础地理数据库，包括：地理坐标、河流水系、县级行政区、公路、铁路和居民点；第二：应用航空遥感数据（航空影象）进行震区建筑物倒毁、生命线工程破坏及场地震害的分类分级，建立地震灾害数据库；第三：在ＧＩＳ支持下，生成高烈度区包络线，并进行地震灾害据失评估。     

机载三维信息获取地面扫描轨迹分析

该文根据机载三维信息获取中常用的扫描光学系统结构,导出了地面扫描采样点轨迹与光学系统结构参数之间的关系,获得了地面采样点坐标的定量表示,给出了实现特定扫描轨迹的地面测量时光学系统结构参数的选择方法和计算结果。     

机载激光扫描测距仪的性能分析

本文对机载激光扫描测距系统的探测信号功率、背景噪声、信噪比等性能以及它们之间的关系等进行了定量化的评估和定性的分析,探讨了探测信噪比与测量距离、恒虚警概率探测时阈值／噪声比等问题,为机载激光扫描测距系统在遥感和测绘中的使用及系统性能的改进提供了科学的参考依据,其分析方法具有普遍意义,可用于不同的机载或星载激光扫描测距系统的分析。     

大气质量综合航空测量系统简介

在全球范围内,大气污染日趋严重,已影响到人类的生存和发展。近几年高光谱遥感技术应用,可准确探明地球地貌,识别军事目标,区分岩性和植被。而高光谱数据和大气质量有关,即受大气污染和大气含尘量的影响。为此,我国境内大气质量监测等项工作势在必行。本文列出了评价大气质量的几个主要参数、所需设备的基本情况,并在此基础上进行了系统设计,讨论了解决在硬件设计和软件编程过程中所遇到的问题等。     

Asymptotic Expansions for the Calculation of the Transient Electromagnetic Fields Induced by a Vertical Magnetic Dipole Source Above a Conductive Halfspace

We have derived asymptotic expansions that can be used to estimate the impulse response of a conductive halfspace when excited by an airborne electromagnetic system. Two expressions are required to calculate the response, one is applicable in the late-time regime and a second is used for the early-time regime. Fortunately, there is a small overlap in the late- and early-time regimes. Asymptotic expansions are commonly used for interpreting ground EM data, but our expressions are the first ones applicable to the airborne situation. The expansions are simple to program, can be calculated extremely rapidly and will be useful for understanding and interpreting airborne electromagnetic data. As an example of the use of the expressions, we have calculated the response of seawater and compared this with the airborne electromagnetic response measured off the coast of Perth, Western Australia.     

A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics

Natural aggregate is vital to the construction industry. Although natural aggregate is a high volume/low value commodity that is abundant, new sources are becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop because of rigid industry specifications, political considerations, development and transportation costs, and environmental concerns. There are two primary sources of natural aggregate: (1) exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed, and (2) deposits of sand and gravel. Remote sensing and airborne geophysics detect surface and near-surface phenomena, and may be useful for detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources; however, before a methodology for applying these techniques can be developed, it is necessary to understand the type, distribution, physical properties, and characteristics of natural aggregate deposits.The distribution of potential aggregate sources is closely tied to local geologic history. Conventional exploration for natural aggregate deposits has been largely a ground-based operation, although aerial photographs and topographic maps have been extensively used to target possible deposits. Today, the exploration process also considers factors such as the availability of the land, space and water supply for processing, political and environmental factors, and distance from the market; exploration and planning cannot be separated.There are many physical properties and characteristics by which to judge aggregate material for specific applications; most of these properties and characteristics pertain only to individual aggregate particles. The application of remote sensing and airborne geophysical measurements to detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources, however, is based on intrinsic bulk physical properties and extrinsic characteristics of the deposits that can be directly measured, mathematically derived from measurement, or interpreted with remote sensing and geophysical data. On the cover: Northward view of alluvial fans along San Luis Valley, southcentral colorado. This image was created in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Remote Sensing laboratory by digitally draping SPOT panchromatic satellite data resampled to 30 meters pixels resolution over the 124,000 USGS DEM of the Bonanza, Whle Hill, Bushnell Peak, Graveyard Guich, Klondike Mine, and Villa Grove quadrangles.     

Classification of radio elements using mutual information: A tool for geological mapping

A broad range of current airborne gamma ray spectrometry (AGRS) applications involve environmental mapping and mineral exploration. One common goal for such applications is the development of an algorithm for reliable on line classification of radio elements. In this paper, we propose the concept of maximization of correlated information as the similarity measure for classification. In order to achieve this similarity measure, we have developed an algorithm using the concept of minimization of mutual information, which is computationally faster, and requiring less memory than the hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) method. The minimization of mutual information is achieved by maximizing the correlated information of the correlation matrix. The correlated information is maximized by the determination of its lower bound using the technique of determinant inequalities developed by us. We demonstrate the robustness of our results using mutual information and its superiority over that of Ward's method of minimum variance for the aerial survey carried out in central India.