A comparison of the midlevel kinematic characteristics of a pair of supercell thunderstorms observed by airborne Doppler radar

The midlevel kinematic characteristics of two supercell thunderstorms observed during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX), one tornadic and the other nontornadic, are compared using airborne pseudo-dual-Doppler wind retrievals. The most significant difference between the two cases was that a midlevel rear-inflow jet was observed in the nontornadic supercell (12 May 1995), whereas such rear-to-front, storm-relative flow was absent at midlevels in the tornadic supercell (16 May 1995). The midlevel jet in the nontornadic supercell was located on the north flank of a prominent region of anticyclonic vertical vorticity. Some speculations are provided pertaining to the possible importance of the midlevel kinematic differences between the two storms.     

航空伽玛能谱资料在昆明地区磷矿普查中的应用

磷块岩矿床中磷与放射性元素铀之间存在着共生组合关系。这是应用航空伽玛能谱测量普查磷矿的前提。通过对6个已知磷块岩矿床的航空伽玛能谱特征场的分析,建立了应用航空伽玛能谱资料确定磷矿找矿靶区的评价准则,并对昆阳磷矿区和王家湾磷矿区外围未知地区作了初步评价,确定了Ｉ类找矿靶区5片,Ⅱ类找矿靶区3片。现已在找矿靶区内找到了磷矿床。     

航空高光谱识别的高、中、低铝绢云母矿物成因学研究

国内外学者在航空高光谱矿物填图时,根据Al-OH光谱特征吸收波长位置不同将浅色云母类矿物分为2~3类,分别命名为高铝绢云母、中铝绢云母、低铝绢云母,但对它们的成因特点却只有零星的讨论,没有比较系统的有针对性的研究。本文在新疆雪米斯坦铀多金属成矿带获取CASI/SASI航空高光谱数据,并开展矿物填图的基础上,针对高铝绢云母、中铝绢云母、低铝绢云母等三种矿物的成因学专门开展了比较系统的研究。采用的方法主要是在开展详细的野外地质观察、采样的基础上,对采集的上述三类矿物蚀变岩样品进行详细的室内光谱测量、Al-OH吸收波长位置统计、显微薄片观察、全岩X衍射分析、粘土X衍射分析等研究,并结流体成矿理论和已有矿物成因学知识,进行了详细深入的分析讨论。研究表明,高铝绢云母蚀变岩蚀变强烈,云母类蚀变矿物以绢云母、伊利石为主,且主要与叶腊石和微晶石英等矿物伴生,而低铝绢云母蚀变岩蚀变强度中等,以伊利石、伊蒙混层为主,绿泥石增加,主要与方解石、浊沸石等矿物伴生;高铝绢云母蚀变岩具有相对高的石英含量和粘土矿物总量,具有相对较低的钾长石、斜长石以及方解石含量;低铝绢云母蚀变岩则具有相对较低的石英和粘土含量,具有相对较高的斜长石、钾长石和方解石含量。通过深入分析讨论,本文提出了在研究区航空高光谱识别的高铝绢云母形成于相对高温、偏酸性的热液流体环境,低铝形成于相对低温、偏碱性的热液流体环境。这一新认识对航空高光谱遥感矿物填图结果的深入应用和深层次找矿信息反演具有重要意义。     

高性能机载云粒子成像仪研制及应用

机载云粒子成像仪是目前直接观测云中粒子谱分布和形状特征的关键设备,在云物理结构探测、遥感反演验证、数值模式云物理过程改进和人工影响天气等领域具有十分重要的作用。因此,针对现有进口仪器性能和应用方面的不足,开发更高性能的云粒子探测仪器十分必要。通过2011年启动的国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项——机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪研制项目,研制出国产高性能机载云粒子测量系统。经过多年的研制和反复测试,解决和显著改进了激光光束均匀化、弱信号探测、多路并行处理及微粒消衍射等关键技术,从而提高了探测器像元的光功率均匀性和一致性,使光斑区域内平均光功率密度提高约3倍,从而改进了粒子成像能力。采用更高分辨率国产光电线阵探测器,测量响应时间明显缩短,对小云粒子的探测能力明显提高。研制的仪器通过一系列基础参数测试、系统优化、环境适应性实验和累计60多架次的飞行测试。对2018年11月5日进行的两架次对比探测结果的初步分析表明,新研制的云粒子成像仪对小粒子浓度的测量精度较进口仪器提高一个量级左右,测量数据起伏更小,稳定性更高,并且可正确获得更清晰可靠的云粒子形态特征。     

机载三维信息获取地面扫描轨迹分析

该文根据机载三维信息获取中常用的扫描光学系统结构,导出了地面扫描采样点轨迹与光学系统结构参数之间的关系,获得了地面采样点坐标的定量表示,给出了实现特定扫描轨迹的地面测量时光学系统结构参数的选择方法和计算结果。     

机载激光扫描测距仪的性能分析

本文对机载激光扫描测距系统的探测信号功率、背景噪声、信噪比等性能以及它们之间的关系等进行了定量化的评估和定性的分析,探讨了探测信噪比与测量距离、恒虚警概率探测时阈值／噪声比等问题,为机载激光扫描测距系统在遥感和测绘中的使用及系统性能的改进提供了科学的参考依据,其分析方法具有普遍意义,可用于不同的机载或星载激光扫描测距系统的分析。     

大气质量综合航空测量系统简介

在全球范围内,大气污染日趋严重,已影响到人类的生存和发展。近几年高光谱遥感技术应用,可准确探明地球地貌,识别军事目标,区分岩性和植被。而高光谱数据和大气质量有关,即受大气污染和大气含尘量的影响。为此,我国境内大气质量监测等项工作势在必行。本文列出了评价大气质量的几个主要参数、所需设备的基本情况,并在此基础上进行了系统设计,讨论了解决在硬件设计和软件编程过程中所遇到的问题等。     

Asymptotic Expansions for the Calculation of the Transient Electromagnetic Fields Induced by a Vertical Magnetic Dipole Source Above a Conductive Halfspace

We have derived asymptotic expansions that can be used to estimate the impulse response of a conductive halfspace when excited by an airborne electromagnetic system. Two expressions are required to calculate the response, one is applicable in the late-time regime and a second is used for the early-time regime. Fortunately, there is a small overlap in the late- and early-time regimes. Asymptotic expansions are commonly used for interpreting ground EM data, but our expressions are the first ones applicable to the airborne situation. The expansions are simple to program, can be calculated extremely rapidly and will be useful for understanding and interpreting airborne electromagnetic data. As an example of the use of the expressions, we have calculated the response of seawater and compared this with the airborne electromagnetic response measured off the coast of Perth, Western Australia.     

A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics

Natural aggregate is vital to the construction industry. Although natural aggregate is a high volume/low value commodity that is abundant, new sources are becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop because of rigid industry specifications, political considerations, development and transportation costs, and environmental concerns. There are two primary sources of natural aggregate: (1) exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed, and (2) deposits of sand and gravel. Remote sensing and airborne geophysics detect surface and near-surface phenomena, and may be useful for detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources; however, before a methodology for applying these techniques can be developed, it is necessary to understand the type, distribution, physical properties, and characteristics of natural aggregate deposits.The distribution of potential aggregate sources is closely tied to local geologic history. Conventional exploration for natural aggregate deposits has been largely a ground-based operation, although aerial photographs and topographic maps have been extensively used to target possible deposits. Today, the exploration process also considers factors such as the availability of the land, space and water supply for processing, political and environmental factors, and distance from the market; exploration and planning cannot be separated.There are many physical properties and characteristics by which to judge aggregate material for specific applications; most of these properties and characteristics pertain only to individual aggregate particles. The application of remote sensing and airborne geophysical measurements to detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources, however, is based on intrinsic bulk physical properties and extrinsic characteristics of the deposits that can be directly measured, mathematically derived from measurement, or interpreted with remote sensing and geophysical data. On the cover: Northward view of alluvial fans along San Luis Valley, southcentral colorado. This image was created in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Remote Sensing laboratory by digitally draping SPOT panchromatic satellite data resampled to 30 meters pixels resolution over the 124,000 USGS DEM of the Bonanza, Whle Hill, Bushnell Peak, Graveyard Guich, Klondike Mine, and Villa Grove quadrangles.     

Classification of radio elements using mutual information: A tool for geological mapping

A broad range of current airborne gamma ray spectrometry (AGRS) applications involve environmental mapping and mineral exploration. One common goal for such applications is the development of an algorithm for reliable on line classification of radio elements. In this paper, we propose the concept of maximization of correlated information as the similarity measure for classification. In order to achieve this similarity measure, we have developed an algorithm using the concept of minimization of mutual information, which is computationally faster, and requiring less memory than the hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) method. The minimization of mutual information is achieved by maximizing the correlated information of the correlation matrix. The correlated information is maximized by the determination of its lower bound using the technique of determinant inequalities developed by us. We demonstrate the robustness of our results using mutual information and its superiority over that of Ward's method of minimum variance for the aerial survey carried out in central India.