Monitoring US agriculture: the US Department of Agriculture,National Agricultural Statistics Service,Cropland Data Layer Program

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) produces the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) product, which is a raster-formatted, geo-referenced, crop-specific, land cover map. CDL program inputs include medium resolution satellite imagery, USDA collected ground truth and other ancillary data, such as the National Land Cover Data set. A decision tree-supervised classification method is used to generate the freely available state-level crop cover classifications and provide crop acreage estimates based upon the CDL and NASS June Agricultural Survey ground truth to the NASS Agricultural Statistics Board. This paper provides an overview of the NASS CDL program. It describes various input data, processing procedures, classification and validation, accuracy assessment, CDL product specifications, dissemination venues and the crop acreage estimation methodology. In general, total crop mapping accuracies for the 2009 CDLs ranged from 85% to 95% for the major crop categories.     

Treatability of Dye Solutions Containing Disperse Dyes by Fenton and Fenton‐Solar Light Oxidation Processes

This study attempts to explore the possibility of treating dye solutions containing Disperse Yellow 119 and Disperse Red 167 by Fenton and Fenton under solar‐light oxidation processes. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of various operating conditions on the performance of the treatment systems. The Fenton results showed that 98.6% spectral absorption coefficient (SAC) and 90.8% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals were proved at pH 3, 50 mg/L Fe²⁺, and 75 mg/L H₂O₂, 15 min oxidation time for Disperse Yellow 119. After 40 min solar irradiation time during Fenton process the SAC removal was 99.1%. COD reduction of about 98.3% was observed at the same time. It was also obtained as 97.8% SAC and 97.7% COD removal with pH 3, 75 mg/L Fe²⁺, 100 mg/L H₂O₂, and 25 min oxidation time for Disperse Red 167 at this optimum conditions. For Disperse Red 167 during Fenton under solar light process, after 40 min of solar irradiation time the SAC and COD reduction were obtained 99.3 and 98.4%, respectively.     

Carbamazepine Removal from Groundwater: Effectiveness of the TiO2/UV,Nanoparticulate Zero‐Valent Iron,and Fenton (NZVI/H2O2) Processes

Pharmaceutical compounds, widely produced and used all around the world, are partly responsible for the widespread water pollution in the environment. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug that persists in the environment for many years. In the present study, we used the TiO₂/UV, nanoparticulate zero‐valent iron (NZVI), and NZVI/H₂O₂ treatment processes to compare efficiency of CBZ removal from water. Influence of NZVI loading, H₂O₂ concentration, TiO₂ loading, UV lamp power, and the matrix (distilled water and groundwater) on CBZ removal efficiency was evaluated using full factorial design. Results indicated that the NZVI/H₂O₂ process oxidized CBZ within 5 min. On the other hand, the NZVI process alone did not reduce CBZ concentration after 120 min of process time. The NZVI/H₂O₂ process was equally effective in CBZ removal from both distilled water and groundwater whereas the TiO₂/UV process was less effective due to the presence of ions in groundwater. CBZ removal efficiency of the TiO₂/UV process declined 30% when the matrix was changed from distilled water to groundwater. Negative divalent ions, i.e., and , were the main cause of reduction of CBZ removal efficiency from groundwater. It is likely that these two ions adsorb onto, and consequently prevent the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical OH^? from being generated on, the surface of the TiO₂.     

巷道超前探测的并行Monte Carlo方法及电阻率各向异性影响

直流电阻率法通过观测单极-双极装置视电阻率曲线最小值位置估计掌子面前方低阻异常体距离,在巷道超前探测及矿井水害预测与防治工作中有广泛应用,并形成多种经验预测模型.本文基于直流电法巷道超前探测的各向异性电阻率三维有限元数值模拟,给出超前探线性预测模型.然而,实际井下地质结构复杂,异常大小不定且任意分布,而且可能存在有电阻率各向异性,使得目前由简单模型实验或数值模拟获得的预测公式不确定性较大,而且可靠性难于评价.Monte Carlo方法用随机化思想解决非确定性问题,我们将该方法与并行算法结合,对大量不确定的随机模型进行三维数值模拟,以验证各预测模型的准确度及可靠性.结果表明,本文的超前探线性预测模型较其他预测模型更为准确及可靠.但介质各向异性的影响很大,尤其当围岩电阻率具有各向异性时,所有预测模型的准确度及可靠性较差,给安全生产带来很大隐患.     

701雷达现代化改进技术

分析了工作于 400 MHz的 59－ 701探空系统的使用前景和存在的主要问题，并介绍了 701雷达的改进背景和改进技术，以及 701－ X无备份大修方法。     

Degradation of Aqueous Atrazine and Metazachlor Solutions by UV and UV/H2O2 — Influence of pH and Herbicide Concentration Abbau von Atrazin und Metazachlor in wäßriger Lösung durch UV und UV/H2O2 — Einfluß von pH und Herbizid-Konzentration

The degradation of two pesticides: atrazine and metazachlor was investigated in aqueous solution under UV-irradiation with and without H₂O₂. Rate constants of the photochemical degradation were determined applying a first order kinetics and quantum yields of the processes were calculated. This approach leads to an apparent decrease of the quantum yield with increasing initial pesticide concentration. At low H₂O₂ initial concentrations, the pesticide degradation was shown to be much more efficient than the degradation under UV-irradiation only. However, at high H₂O₂ concentrations (>2 mmol L^?1), the efficiency of the UV/H₂O₂ system dropped down and the quantum yields of degradation were lower than for the direct photolysis. In the absence of H₂O₂, no influence of the pH value on the photodegradation of the pesticides could be noticed in a range between pH 3 and pH 11. At low H₂O₂ initial concentrations, the photochemical degradation of the pesticides was much faster at pH 3 and pH 7 compared with the degradation at pH 11. The results emphasize the potential of optimized reaction conditions in advanced oxidation.     

坑道直流电阻率法超前探测研究

坑道空腔的存在使其周围电场分布不同于全空间的电场分布.以无限大板状体为例求解全空间电场分布,提出探厚比概念以讨论超前探测极限问题.通过对比全空间与坑道内超前探测异常形态可知,坑道空腔只会影响极距较小时的视电阻率幅值,不会掩盖迎头前方地质体的异常响应.大量模型计算结果表明,电阻率异常极值位置与板状体位置之间的差异在5～10倍之间,且同时受到异常体厚度、电性以及板状体倾角的影响.仅利用电阻率极值位置准确解释超前探测异常的难度较大.     

基于边缘探测器的FMG稳像探测研究

全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-disk vector Magnetograph, FMG)是先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的主要载荷之一,为确保其可获得高空间分辨率的全日面太阳矢量磁场图, FMG配备了一套高精度稳像控制系统.FMG稳像系统采用边缘探测器对太阳入射倾斜偏差进行测量.基于FMG望远镜的太阳像仿真数据分析边缘探测器在太阳像能量分布下的输出特性以及太阳像尺寸与边缘探测器量程和灵敏度的关系.最后,在实验室搭建了一套验证系统对FMG稳像系统边缘探测器进行了相关性能验证实验.实验结果与理论分析一致,太阳像尺寸越大,边缘探测器量程越大,边缘探测器灵敏度越低.