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61.
Jean René Bertrand 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):295-306
In France the distinction between the secular and religious domains is the result of a slow evolutionary process of secularization
over a period of two centuries. A key element was the law of separation between churches and State in 1905. Secularization
also produced a pluralistic socio-cultural system, which permits an increase in religious supply, issued from outside or inside
existent churches. The religious landscape became complex due to the growth of certain groups. Nowadays, efforts to regulate
Muslim communities are leading towards a new tendency of state control of religious activities in two fields, namely places
of worship and school activities. Religious plurality is recognized by the State in the name of the freedom of beliefs. Private
organizations are used for the public practice of religion and easily obtain places of worship. However, this has necessitated
a large number of regional or local arrangements. In the name of the freedom of thought, the school system of the Republic
is ensured by public schools, or by Catholic or Jewish schools, subject to strict public control. In this matter, there is
only minimal tolerance of other denominations.
相似文献
Jean René BertrandEmail: |
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):110-120
Abstract Teaching methods in the 1880s and 1890s were influenced by the energies and publications of the Herbartians from Illinois State Normal University. Memorization was replaced by inductive questioning, field trips and the use of visual aids. Four men and one woman were followed by Douglas Clay Ridgley who built up the geography major and made tools for the teachers. Name recognition is now weak but much of what they taught is now accepted and practiced. 相似文献
64.
Based on the distribution patterns of the sub-branches and saving outlets of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Bank of China in prefectural cities in China between 2001 and 2009, this paper examines how these two Chinese state-owned commercial banks may centralize their operations and thus lead to the possible marginalization of the provision of basic banking services to low value-added customers. The restructuring of SOCBs may not result in high levels of layoff due to the state’s objectives of minimizing both operational costs and political risks. When the politically sensitive issue of (un)employment is not taken into account, the more economically developed cities with larger populations and the more developed telecommunication facilities experience a higher level of centralization of their banking operations. The centralization of banking operations in China is, however, not always at the expense of savings outlets, despite the merging of savings outlets with sub-branches in various Chinese cities. There is circumstantial evidence to suggest the convergence thesis is not applicable to the banking industry in China, which is different from the conventional argument in financial geography that the centralization and marginalization of banking operations are two sides of the same coin as in the restructuring of the Anglo-American banking industries. This difference could be due to the hybrid ownership structures of state-owned commercial banks in China where the boundaries between public and private property rights are blurred. 相似文献
65.
Conflicts between different interest groups for use of natural resources is one area where state geological surveys can provide
assistance. A state geological survey working within the scientific constraints of specific issues can remain objective in
its presentations and maintain the faith of both the conflicting interest groups and the public. One cannot vary from the
objective view or you will quickly be criticized. Criticism can still occur from one side of a natural resource issue as your
data might counter their views. However, the final decisions are almost always made in some legislators, or regulators, area
of responsibility. The responsibility of the state geological survey is to provide the important data that will assist in
making correct decisions. Should one party in the conflict become extreme in their demands, a potential compromise that is
beneficial to both sides can be lost. In Kansas, the classical natural resource problem of resource/recreation in a populated
area is presented as a case study. The state geological survey presented data on sand resources in the Kansas River and its
valley in northeast Kansas. That information was important to both recreation and dredging interests where the political problem
is a conflict of sand use as a construction material resource versus use of the alluvial river as an important recreation
area, especially for canoeing. However, when a reasonable compromise was near completion in the Kansas Legislature one side,
in a bold move to develop an advantage, ruined that potential for compromise.
Received: 12 May 1998 · Accepted: 6 July 1998 相似文献
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Hydrofracturing stress measurements have been carried out to about 0.4 km in two boreholes in Quaternary volcanic rocks in Reykjavik, Iceland, on the flank of the Reykjanes-Langjökull continuation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The measurements indicate a dominant orientation of H max approximately perpendicular to the axial rift zone, in contrast to earthquake focal mechanism solutions from within the axial rift zone of the Reykjanes Peninsula. In one hole (H32) a depth-dependent change in stress orientation is indicated, with 1 horizontal above a depth of about 0.25 km, and vertical below it; however the orientation of H max remains unchanged. The data thus suggest reconciliation of an apparent conflict between the dominantly compressive indications of shallow overcoring stress measurements and dominant extension as required by focal mechanism solutions. The measured stresses are supported by the more reliable of overcoring measurements from southeast Iceland, and by recent focal mechanism solutions for the intraplate Borgarfjördur area. A fundamental change in crustal stresses appears therefore to occur as a function of distance from the axis of the axial rift zone. The data seem reasonably explicable in terms of a combination of thermoelastic mechanisms associated with accretion and cooling of spreading lithosphere plates. Stresses directly associated with the driving mechanisms of plate tectonics apparently do not dominate the observed stress pattern. 相似文献
68.
Guanajuato State, located in central Mexico, with less than 2% of the countrys area, has almost 17,000 deep water wells, from which nearly 4,000 cubic hectometers (hm3) per year are being extracted, more than 1,000 hm3 over the estimated renewable yield. Since, in Mexico, water is administered under federal jurisdiction by the National Water Commission (CNA, for its Spanish acronym), the state government faces the challenge of ensuring its populations economic development without formal means of intervention. Being thus limited to apply mandatory policies and measures, the state water program has focused on the implementation of a two-sided strategy. First, basic hydrogeological studies and mathematical groundwater hydrodynamic models were developed upon a comprehensive survey of existing wells and a general revision of the states geological framework. Second, a structure for water users participation in water management actions was promoted (from the dissemination of information to the implementation of pilot efficient water use projects) with financial, technical and political support from the state. Simultaneously, a coordinated effort towards the completion of the water users registry was performed with the federal authority along with other supporting measures such as training and monitoring programs. In this paper, a general overview of the projects achievements and challenges is presented.To make direct contact with the water-user associations mentioned in this paper, please write to Eng. Aurelio Navarrete of the State Water Council at: cehgto@prodigy.net.mx. 相似文献
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