高分辨率遥感在西藏罗布莎地区地质调查中的应用

研究区位于西藏罗布莎地区,其罗布莎蛇绿岩体蕴藏着我国目前规模最大的铬铁矿床。以WorldView-2高空间分辨率遥感数据为基本信息源,对研究区进行遥感地质解译。与传统多光谱数据ETM+、ASTER等相比,WorldView-2具有更高的空间分辨率和相对较窄且连续的光谱。对研究区WorldView-2图像进行正射校正、大气校正和影像融合后,采用最佳指数法选择8-6-4波段组合进行假彩色合成,同时结合真彩色5-3-2波段,突出各地质体单元色调差异。我们利用其空间分辨率优势建立区内主要岩性和构造的高空间分辨率遥感解译标志。通过野外地质验证,解译结果充分显示了WorldView-2高分辨率影像在海拔较高、工作环境恶劣地区进行矿产资源勘查的技术优势和应用前景。     

不同植被红边指数在城市草地健康判别中的对比研究

遥感红边指数与表征绿色植物生长状况的重要生化参数有密切的关系,是植被长势监测的重要因子。为寻找出最适用于城市草地生长状况监测的红边指数,本文基于Sentinel-2A数据,对比分析了不同红边指数在城市草地健康状况估算方面的差异。本文以福州市和厦门市的城市草地为例,在全面分析各种健康水平草地光谱响应特征差异的基础上,选取了6种与草地生化参数相关的红边指数,即红边位置REP、地面叶绿素指数MTCI、归一化差值红边指数NDRE1、新型倒红边叶绿素指数IRECI、红边叶绿素指数CI_red-edge以及叶绿素吸收指数MCARI2,然后采用独立样本T检验及欧式距离对这6种红边指数在草地健康判别中的优劣进行了定量对比。结果表明：IRECI指数对草地健康状况最为敏感,该指数在不同健康等级草地的值域区间和均值都存在显著性差异,其判别总精度均大于85%;NDRE1和MCARI2指数次之,其他3个指数则难以判别草地的健康状况。因此,在基于Sentinel-2A影像的城市草地健康遥感判别中,推荐使用IRECI指数。     

不同城市规划的生态质量差异对比研究

为定量分析不同城市规划理念带来的生态质量差异,本文以福州市在不同时期规划建设的2座体育场馆为例,基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,应用新型遥感生态指数RSEI分析对比了这2座体育场馆的生态效应。在全面分析其主要地表覆盖信息的基础上,探讨了二者之间生态质量差异的原因。研究发现,采用传统理念规划的福建省奥林匹克体育中心的生态指数RSEI均值为0.39,而实行绿色生态规划的海峡奥林匹克体育中心的RSEI均值为0.42,优于福建省奥林匹克体育中心。总的看来,海峡奥体中心在规划中采用透水铺装和不勾缝的铺装形式,加大绿地斑块面积以及预留风道等绿色措施有效地提高了地表湿度、降低了地表温度和干度,从而对该体育中心的生态质量起到积极的作用。     

基于LUR的二氧化氮浓度空间分布模拟及其下垫面影响因素分析

随着经济的快速发展,空气污染已经成为当今重要的环境问题,引起公众的广泛关注,二氧化氮（NO₂）作为主要的空气污染物之一,成为相关研究的重点。通过监测数据发现,二氧化氮质量浓度值的空间分布具有区域性差异,所以对其空间分布模拟,以及形成区域差异的下垫面影响因素分析,具有重要的研究价值。土地利用回归模型（Land-use Regression,LUR）是将统计方法中的回归模型与空间上的土地利用数据、监测数据和其他相关的地理数据结合分析并在地图上显示的方法。本文结合缓冲区分析、叠加分析、Spearman相关性分析、多元回归分析等方法构建土地利用回归模型（Land Use Regression,LUR）,用于识别与NO₂浓度相关的下垫面影响因素,并模拟NO₂质量浓度的空间分布。LUR模型可以模拟出NO₂质量浓度空间分布特征,并针对下垫面影响因素得到以下结论：城乡居住地及工业用地面积增加、污染源的距离减少和道路长度增加会导致NO₂浓度升高;耕地面积、绿地面积和水域面积的增加会导致NO₂浓度减少;NO₂浓度最高的区域主要集中在工业园区;NO₂浓度值从城区到郊区递减,需要通过改变工业区结构和增加绿地面积来减少城区的NO₂浓度。     

Corrosion behavior of anodic oxidized TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> film in seawater

TiO₂ films were formed on metallic titanium substrates by the anodic oxidation method in H₂SO₄ solution under the 80V D.C.. Phase component and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water contact angles on titanium oxide film surface were measured under both dark and sunlight illumination conditions. Corrosion tests were carried out in seawater under different illumination conditions by electrochemistry impedance spectrum (EIS) and polarization curves. The result showed that the TiO₂ film prepared by the anodic oxidation method was anatase with a uniform structure and without obvious pores or cracks on its surface. The average water contact angle of the film was 116.4° in dark, in contrast to an angle of 42.7° under the UV illumination for 2 hours, which demonstrates good hydrophobic property. The anti-corrosion behavior of the TiO₂ film was declining with the extended immersion time. Under dark conditions, however, the hydrophobic TiO₂ film retarded the water infiltrating into the substrate. The impedance changed slowly and the corrosion current density was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that with the film illuminated by sunlight. All of those mentioned above indicate that the TiO₂ film possesses much better performance under dark condition, and it can be applied as an engineering material under dark seawater environment.     

真三轴条件下Q2黄土的破坏模式与强度特性研究

基于西安理工大学自主研发的新型真三轴试验仪,对不同含水率Q2黄土在不同b值、不同固结围压条件下进行了真三轴试验研究,分析了真三轴试样破坏方式、中主应力对抗剪强度参数的影响以及π平面上的强度破坏面。结果表明,Q2黄土真三轴试样破坏方式主要有侧胀破坏、锥形破坏、梯形破坏、六边形破坏;不同b值应力路经条件下黏聚力与三轴压缩条件下黏聚力的比值在0.9～1.9之间,内摩擦角比值在0.7～1.5之间。土的结构性和土体破坏方式对π平面上的强度破坏面的形状影响较大,固结围压对π平面上的强度破坏面的大小影响较大;原状Q2黄土在π平面上的强度破坏面形状主要呈现梨形和轴对称六边形;随着结构性由强到弱,π平面上的强度破坏面形状由梨形向轴对称六边形变化。     

西安地铁2号线隧道穿越地裂缝带的设防参数

基于西安地裂缝成因、基本特征和未来活动趋势分析,通过几何缩比为1：5的地裂缝活动模型试验和地裂缝活动对盾构隧道影响的数值模拟计算,研究了西安地铁2号线隧道正交穿越地裂缝带的设防参数。通过分析地裂缝年平均活动速率和历史最大活动量,确定了与地铁2号线相交的各条地裂缝的最大垂直位移量的预测值和设计建议值。模型试验和数值模拟结果表明,正交条件下地铁隧道在地裂缝活动地段的设防宽度为60 m,即上盘为35 m,下盘为25 m;沿隧道纵向地裂缝两侧地层变形规律呈现台阶状突变变形,隧道纵向设计可将上盘视为整体下降来考虑;地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带必须分段设缝以适应地裂缝的变形,其分段长度在地裂缝主影响区按10 m进行设防,在一般影响区可按10～15 m进行分段设防。研究结果可为地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的结构设计提供参考。     

青藏高原湖泊Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Mg/Ca盐度指示意义的初步分析

总结了青藏高原地区400多个湖泊湖水的Mg2+、Ca2+和Mg/Ca等水化指标与湖水盐度的相关关系,以及这种关系随着湖水变化(不同采样时间和采样点以及自然蒸发)而产生的变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原湖泊湖水的Mg2+浓度与盐度具有较为稳定的正相关关系,而Ca2+和Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性较弱.在对于某一特定水化学类型的湖泊,一般碳酸盐型湖泊的Mg2+、Ca2+以及Mg/Ca等指标与盐度均没有明显的相关性;硫酸盐型湖泊中Mg2+浓度和盐度呈现较高的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍很弱;而在氯化物型湖泊中,Mg2+浓度与盐度呈更高的正相关性,Ca2+浓度也与盐度呈一定的正相关性,Mg/Ca这一指标与盐度的相关性依然很弱.而对某一特定湖泊,在不同演化阶段或不同的采样地点,Mg2+浓度与盐度仍然保持明显的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍然不稳定或很弱.在青藏高原作古环境重建应用的时候,湖水Mg2+浓度是古盐度一个较好的转换指标,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca的古盐度指示意义相对较弱.     

Benchmark on the numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic evolution of tidal channels and tidal inlets

A correct understanding of the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of tidal basins is of fundamental importance for the fate of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. If on one hand, the development of sophisticated numerical models is called for in order to reproduce the complexity of the mechanisms governing the morphodynamic evolution of many natural environments, including lagoons, on the other hand, a clear knowledge of the reliability and limits of the results provided by these models is crucial in order to establish the condition under which they can be safely applied. To this aim, researchers involved in numerical modeling in the framework of the recent Corila research programmes, agreed to perform an accurate comparison of results provided by three different numerical models, applying them to the test case offered by the experimental investigations performed under controlled conditions by Tambroni et al. (2005a). Here, we consider the following numerical models: (i) a 2D finite element hydrodynamic model coupled with a 2D finite volume morphodynamic model (5 and 3); (ii) a 2D finite element morphodynamic model (Ferrarin et al., 2008); (iii) a 2D depth-averaged model for the inlet region, coupled with a 1D model for the channel (Tambroni et al., 2005b). A first set of simulations concerns the fixed bed case and shows that all the models provide similar results: in particular, they are able to predict the observed free surface oscillations satisfactorily, while comparison with the measured velocity field is less satisfactory. Moreover, as far as the flow field at the inlet is concerned, the models describe accurately the potential flow into the channel during the flood phase, while they are not able to adequately reproduce the occurrence of the fine structure of the shear layers shed by the inlet edges during the ebb phase. This limit is related to the shallow water character of the models. As for the morphodynamics, the long term equilibrium configurations of the bottom of the channel and of the near inlet region show qualitative agreement with the experimental observations, although in this case the differences between the results provided by the distinct numerical approaches are more marked.     

SWAT model application and prediction uncertainty analysis in the Lake Tana Basin,Ethiopia

Lake Tana Basin is of significant importance to Ethiopia concerning water resources aspects and the ecological balance of the area. Many years of mismanagement, wetland losses due to urban encroachment and population growth, and droughts are causing its rapid deterioration. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance and applicability of the soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model for prediction of streamflow in the Lake Tana Basin, so that the influence of topography, land use, soil and climatic condition on the hydrology of Lake Tana Basin can be well examined. The physically based SWAT model was calibrated and validated for four tributaries of Lake Tana. Sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI‐2), parameter solution (ParaSol) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) calibration and uncertainty analysis methods were compared and used for the set‐up of the SWAT model. The model evaluation statistics for streamflows prediction shows that there is a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows that was verified by coefficients of determination and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0·5. The hydrological water balance analysis of the basin indicated that baseflow is an important component of the total discharge within the study area that contributes more than the surface runoff. More than 60% of losses in the watershed are through evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.