An Assessment of Surface and Atmospheric Conditions Associated with the Extreme 2014 Wildfire Season in Canada’s Northwest Territories

Weather and climate are major factors influencing worldwide wildfire activity. This study assesses surface and atmospheric conditions associated with the 2014 extreme wildfires in the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada. Hot and dry conditions led to the NWT experiencing the most severe wildfire season in its recorded history. The season included a record number of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and set a record for area burned. Lightning was the dominant ignition source and accounted for about 95% of the wildfires. Prolonged periods of smoke led to dramatic reductions in visibility, frequent road closures, and reduced air quality resulting in numerous health alerts. Temporal and spatial patterns of lightning characteristics in 2014, derived from Canadian Lightning Detection Network data, were different from those in other years with, for example, far more positive flashes from 0600 to 1200?utc (midnight to 6:00 am local time). The highest fraction of positive cloud-to-ground flashes (43.1%) occurred in the smoke-dominated North Slave region, which was more than in the Dehcho, South Slave, or Sahtu regions. Mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation over a large region that included the NWT was classified into the six most common summer patterns. Results showed that ridging and ridge displacements occurred more frequently during 2014 although lightning was associated with all circulation patterns. This study has advanced the understanding of the roles of weather, lightning, and mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme wildfires in northwestern Canada.     

国内外日照时数观测数据对比分析—以郑州气象站为例

利用1998年6月1日至2006年12月31日郑州国家基本气象站国产直接辐射表、芬兰Milos500双金属片日照传感器与国产人工暗筒式日照计观测的日照时数资料,采用统计分析方法,对两套仪器观测的日照时数与人工暗筒式日照计观测的日照时数分别进行对比分析,并对差异的可能原因进行探讨。结果表明:人工暗筒式日照时数与Milos500双金属片日照时数日差值的平均值为1.6h,国产直接辐射表与Milos500双金属片日照时数日差值的平均值为2.1h,Milos500双金属片日照传感器观测数据明显小于人工暗筒式和国产直接辐射表的数据,其差值通过95%的T检验,差异显著;人工暗筒式日照计与国产直接辐射表观测的日照时数日差值的平均值为0.2h,两套仪器观测数据差异不显著,相关性最好。     

夏季西太平洋副高特征及对湖泊水量变化的影响

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、热带气旋频数和洪泽湖自然入湖水量等资料,借助EOF展开、相关分析等技术手段,对西太平洋副热带高压(WPSH,West Paeific Subtropical high)月、季、年变化特征以及对水文过程的影响等进行分析.结果表明:WPSH形态的显著特征表现为在暖季的北进和冷季的南退;随着WPSH脊线指数在暖季明显地呈现北进趋势,热带气旋源地发生频数也存在明显的增加趋势,并同步地在8月达到最大值;洪泽湖自然入湖水量也同步地伴随着WP-SH脊线指数的北进(南退)而增(减),并在7-8月间达到最大值;夏季西伸脊点与夏季距平高度场第一个特征向量的时间系数之间呈较好的反位相关系;夏季WPSH脊线与第二特征向量的时间系数之间呈较好的同位相关系;副高的面积和强度变化与西伸脊点位置之间呈较好的反位相关系.     

The δ18O in the Guliya shallow ice core during the prevailing summer monsoons and sea-air interactions

The correlations of the δ18Omax in the shallow ice core from the Guliya ice cap on the Tibetan Plateau with the global sea surface temperatures (SST) and height at the 500 hPa over the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed. The correlated regions on oceans that have a significant influence on the δ18Omax in the Guliya ice core are all located in ocean currents, or convergent regions of currents. They are the eastern Equatorial Pacific, the Northern Pacific Current, the Hot Pool in the eastern Indian Ocean, the Mozambique Current, the Northern Atlantic Current, the Canary Current and the Atlantic Equatorial Current. The δ18Omax in the Guliya ice core has negative correlations with the SST located in the lower latitudes, and positive correlations with the SST in the middle latitudes. The correlated areas at the 500 hPa that have a great impact on the δ18Omax are located in the subtropical highs over the mid-low-latitude oceans and the long-wave trough area over Balkhash Lake, where there are marked negative correlations between the heights in those areas and the δ18Omax. The influencing mechanism is displayed by the diversity of the vapor origins transported to the Guliya region. The strengths of the European ridge and the ridge over Baikal Lake have notable positive correlations with the δ18Omax. The two systems indirectly influence the vapor transportation towards the Guliya region by the adjustment of long-wave trough and ridge.     

山西五台地区壳内低速体的重力异常的研究

运用健全的极大似然法对山西五台地区中、下地壳中存在的低密度（低速度）异常体进行了三维反演，求出该异常体的空间赋存状况，并结合浅层局部重力负异常及其它地球物理特征进行地质解释，还就其形成机制进行了讨论     

华北、扬子板块碰撞后热演化史的初步研究

对采自苏北－胶南－大别高压变质构造混杂岩带的片麻岩、糜棱岩和郯庐断裂带上的片麻岩中９个钾长石进行了￣４０Ａｒ－￣３９Ａｒ年龄测定和多重扩散域（ＭＤＤ）模式处理，９个样品的热演化史表明上述地区存在５个不同的快速冷却时段，并就其可能的构造含义，提出了华北与扬子板块碰撞后的折返历史过程     

雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（一）

在双轴压缩条件下对挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层变形破坏过程中声发射、断层位移及应变场的时空演化进行了实验研究。研究表明，两类雁列式断层具有类似的变形破坏过程，即前期以雁列区的破裂贯通为主，后期以沿断层的滑动为主。但挤压型雁列区内可积累较高的应变能，有较强的应变释放和声发射活动，雁列区对滑动始终起着阻碍作用；而拉张型雁列区内难以产生快速的应变释放和较强的声发射活动，雁列区对后期的滑动也无明显的阻碍作用。两类雁列区贯通所引起的失稳均有明显的前兆，而在随后滑动过程中失稳前兆的出现，取决于断层不同部位或段落之间是否有应变传递     

雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（二）

在双轴压缩条件下对由挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层组合而成的复杂雁列断层系变形过程中声发射、断层位移及应变的时空演化进行了实验研究，结果表明，复杂雁列式断层系的变形过程及相应的物理场演化并非是两种雁列式断层的简单叠加，而是包含着它们之间的相互作用。能量较强的声发射事件成核部位主要集中在应力水平较低的张性雁列区附近的主于断层上，而不是应力水平较高的压性雁列区，但这种事件发生的时间则明显受控于压性雁列区的变形过程     

豫西嵩县盆地周边地区地震空区地质环境初探

通过时豫西嵩县中～新生代断陷盆地构造类型、断裂发育及其活动程度的初步分析，认为该盆地及其邻区具有断裂发育规模小、新构造活动程度低、盆内无次级断裂及其所围限的地堑和地垒断块构造发育等特征，从而形成了被深断裂割开的地震空区     

Large-scale interannual variation of the summer monsoon over India and its empirical prediction

Large-scale interannual variability of the northern summer southwest monsoon over India is studied by examining its variation in the dry area during the period 1871–1984. On the mean summer monsoon rainfall (June to September total) chart the 800 mm isohyet divides the country into two nearly equal halves, named as dry area (monsoon rainfall less than 800 mm) and wet area (monsoon rainfall greater than 800 mm). The dry area/wet area shows large variations from one year to another, and is considered as an index for assessing the large-scale performance of the Indian summer monsoon. Statistical and fluctuation characteristics of the summer monsoon dry area (SMDA) are reported. To identify possible causes of variation in the Indian summer monsoon, the correlation between the summer monsoon dry area and eleven regional/global circulation parameters is examined. The northern hemisphere surface air temperature, zonal/hemispheric/global surface air and upper air temperatures, Southern Oscillation, Quasi-biennial oscillation of the equatorial lower stratosphere, April 500-mb ridge along 75°E over India, the Indian surface air temperature and the Bombay sea level pressure showed significant correlation. A new predictor parameter that is preceding year mean monsoon rainfall of a few selected stations over India has been suggested in the present study. The stations have been selected by applying the objective technique ‘selecting a subset of few gauges whose mean monsoon rainfall of the preceding year has shown the highest correlation coefficient (CC) with the SMDA’. Bankura (Gangetic West Bengal), Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu) and Anupgarh (West Rajasthan) entered the selection showing a CC of 0.724. Using a dependent sample of 1951–1980 a predictive model (multiple CC = 0.745) has also been developed for the SMDA with preceding year mean monsoon rainfall of the three selected stations and the sea level pressure tendency at Darwin from Jan–Feb to Mar–May as independent parameters.