片麻岩单轴压缩条件下破裂过程AE试验研究

本文针对小湾水电站坝基典型片麻岩实际,通过磨片试验分析了黑云母花岗片麻岩的矿物组成和结构,印证了岩石强度与矿物含量以及矿物强度有关。对该片麻岩进行了单轴压缩破裂过程声发射特性试验,研究了该黑云母花岗片麻岩的破裂失稳的声发射过程,分析了岩石内部裂纹随时间、应力、应变变化,对应声发射发展形态,这对于分析岩石破裂失稳机制十分有意义的。试验结果表明:片麻岩属于坚硬-极坚硬岩石,声发射活动规律大体相同,存在明显AE增强点。岩石破裂过程中的声发射振铃计数率适合用来预测岩石的破裂各个阶段。片麻岩的应力-应变关系满足2次多项式关系、应变-声发射累计数关系都满足3次多项式关系。有助于我们进一步认识岩石的破坏机理以及岩石破坏的前兆判据。     

引黄工程AE法与水压法地应力测量对比

本文在说明AE(声发射)法在引黄工程地应力测量实施过程中的作用之后,简要介绍了AE估测法和估测结果,并与水压致裂法测量结果相对比,给出测量结果的评价性结论是两法测量结果近乎一致。AE法估计500m深度最大主应力值为26.7MPa。      

1998年8月6日亚暴期间极光电集流指数AE的特征分析

极光电集流指数(AE)被广泛用来定量描述由电离层电流引起的极光带地磁活动.AE指数也是宏观描述亚暴事件强度和发展过程的一个主要指标,它的优点在于简单直观和快速.本文对1998年8月6日系列亚暴事件的极光活动、电流体系和AE指数的形态特征进行了分析.结果表明,伪亚暴期间虽然AE指数大于500 nT 且有快速增长和缓慢恢复的形态,但是极光没有明显的极向或者赤道向的扩展,极区电流体系主要呈现对流特征;伪亚暴和亚暴期间AE指数的形态变化没有本质区别,但电集流中心的位置有很大差异.我们进一步分析了台站分布对AE指数计算的影响,探讨了伪亚暴和亚暴期间磁场扰动最大值所处的磁地方时的差异.     

Roche tomography of cataclysmic variables – III. Star-spots on AE Aqr

We present a Roche tomography reconstruction of the secondary star in the cataclysmic variable AE Aqr. The tomogram reveals several surface inhomogeneities that are due to the presence of large, cool star-spots. In addition to a number of lower latitude spots, the maps also show the presence of a large, high-latitude spot similar to that seen in Doppler images of rapidly rotating isolated stars, and a relative paucity of spots at a latitude of 40°. In total, we estimate that some 18 per cent of the Northern hemisphere of AE Aqr is spotted.
We have also applied the entropy landscape technique to determine accurate parameters for the binary system. We obtain optimal masses   M ₁= 0.74 M_⊙, M ₂= 0.50 M_⊙  , a systemic velocity  γ=−63 km s⁻¹  and an orbital inclination   i = 66°  .
Given that this is the first study to successfully image star-spots on the secondary star in a cataclysmic variable, we discuss the role that further studies of this kind may play in our understanding of these binaries.     

二岩体系统破坏全过程的数值模拟和实验研究

利用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D软件系统对不同岩性的二岩体相互作用系统受力破坏过程进行了数值模拟。并与大理岩- 花岗岩组成的双试样串联加载变形及声发射实验结果进行了比较,解释了由破裂体与非破裂体组成的岩体系统失稳破裂前一些微震前兆规律,包括微破裂迁移、变形局部化等。对于地震失稳破坏现象的研究结果表明,弹性回弹区的性质与研究失稳破裂区的性质具有同等重要性。     

The white dwarf in AE Aqr brakes harder

Taking advantage of the very precise de Jager et al. optical white dwarf orbit and spin ephemerides; ASCA , XMM–Newton and Chandra X-ray observations spread over 10 yr; and a cumulative 27-yr baseline, we have found that in recent years the white dwarf in AE Aqr is spinning down at a rate that is slightly faster than predicted by the de Jager et al. spin ephemeris. At the present time, the observed period evolution is consistent with either a cubic term in the spin ephemeris with     , which is inconsistent in sign and magnitude with magnetic dipole radiation losses, or an additional quadratic term with     , which is consistent with a modest increase in the accretion torques spinning down the white dwarf. Regular monitoring, in the optical, ultraviolet and/or X-rays, is required to track the evolution of the spin period of the white dwarf in AE Aqr.     

非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析ＲＦＰＡ２Ｄ系统,通过对岩石试样中预置的倾斜裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟,研究了材料非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响．数值模拟再现了受压试样在裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的应力场和应变场,以及与岩石非均匀性有关的声发射和断裂扩展模式的“岩桥”现象．模拟结果说明,岩石的非均匀性对含裂纹试样的变形、破裂过程及其破坏模式有很大的影响．     

岩石在破裂孕育过程中声发射变化特征的物理机制研究

根据声发射原理，并假设岩石中颗粒断裂的总几率符合Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ型极值函数，由此导出声发射总数Ｎ与应变能Ｗ，材料断裂构造形状参数ｍ，试样几何尺寸Ｂ及颗粒总数Ｌ的关系。对同一材料的同一试件而言，ｍ对Ｎ的变化形态有显著影响，而应变能的大小则对Ｎ的大小有显著影响，并同时导出声发射率与上述变量及能率的关系。同样，的变化形态受ｍ的制约，的大小则与应变能的大小及能率大小有关。进一步推导还表明，在岩石主破裂前，前兆时间ｔ和的变化不仅与极值应力前后的应变硬化及应变软化程度有关，且与环境刚度（压机刚度）及岩石自身的力学性质有关。摸拟了几条理论曲线，它与实验结果非常一致。     

单轴压缩下饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射频谱特征试验研究

通过开展饱水花岗岩单轴压缩声发射试验,采用快速傅里叶变换提取声发射信号主频及次主频,进一步提出了综合表征声发射信号频谱特征的参数:主频比F ,即主频与次主频的比值,研究岩石破裂过程声发射频谱特征。研究结果表明:饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射主频、次主频频带数量呈现“3→6→3”先增大后减小的规律,与主频分布特征相比,次主频低频区间占比减小,中、高频区间占比增大,次主频总体平均值比主频高约5 kHz。声发射主频比尸分布区间在弹性阶段达到最大:0 < F < 8 ,且F≠1,根据主频比与1 的关系,可将声发射信号划分为2 类:A 类信号(0 < F < 1 ),其主频小于次主频;B 类信号(1 < F < 8 ),其主频大于次主频。总体来看,饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射A 类与B 类信号的数量关系约为3:2, A 类信号数量相对较多,特别是塑性阶段A 类信号占绝对优势,其数量为B 类信号的3.0?3.5倍。饱水花岗岩破裂过程声发射A 、B类信号事件率近似同步变化,二者均出现明显的平静期前兆特征,在实际应用时,可以对岩石破裂过程数量庞大且计算繁琐的声发射信号进行甄别,选择A、B 两类信号中的一种,进而实现对岩石破坏前兆信息的快速有效识别。     

Effect of occurrence rate of acoustic emissions on their statistical behavior

The parameterm in Ishimoto-Iida's relation was investigated for acoustic emissions (AEs) occurring in rock samples under uniaxial compression. In the experiment, we found: 1) The large AEs are counted without serious error but the number of small AEs is systematically underestimated at high AE rates, 2) the frequency distribution of maximum AE amplitudes becomes nonlinear in logarithmic scale with increasing AE rate, and 3) there exists a strong negative correlation betweenm-value and AE rate. The miscount of small AEs was interpreted as due to overlap of the large and small AEs. We call the miscount masking effect. A statistical analysis based on the masking effect showed that them-value decreases more effectively as the AE rate increases, and thus the masking effect is a possible origin both for the nonlinear frequency distribution of maximum AE amplitudes and for the negative correlation ofm-value with AE rate. We emphasize that one should be careful of the masking effect to examine correctly the change, ofm-value. In order to eliminate the masking effect, AEs should be measured by a measurement system with low sensitivity. Even if the masking effect is eliminated, them-value decreases before the main fracture of a rock sample. Them-value is a key parameter to predict the main fracture.