Design of a 3D Chirp Sub-bottom Imaging System

Chirp sub-bottom profilers are marine acoustic devices that use a known and repeatable source signature (1–24 kHz) to produce decimetre vertical resolution cross-sections of the sub-seabed. Here the design and development of the first true 3D Chirp system is described. When developing the design, critical factors that had to be considered included spatial aliasing, and precise positioning of sources and receivers. Full 3D numerical modelling of the combined source and receiver directivity was completed to determine optimal source and receiver geometries. The design incorporates four source transducers (1.5–13 kHz) that can be arranged into different configurations, including Maltese Cross, a square and two separated pairs. The receive array comprises 240 hydrophones in 60 groups whose group-centres are separated by 25 cm in both horizontal directions, with each hydrophone group containing four individual elements and a pre-amplifier. After careful consideration, it was concluded that the only way to determine with sufficient accuracy the source–receiver geometry, was to fix the sources and receivers within a rigid array. Positional information for the array is given by a Real Time Kinematic GPS and attitude system incorporating four antennas to give position, heading, pitch and roll. It is shown that this system offers vertical positioning accuracy with a root-mean-square (rms) error less than 2.6 cm, while the horizontal positioning rms error was less than 2.0 cm. The system is configured so that the Chirp source signature can be chosen by software aboard the acquisition vessel. The complete system is described and initial navigational and seismic data results are presented. These data demonstrate that the approach of using fixed source-receiver geometry combined with RTK navigation can provide complete 3D imaging of the sub-surface.     

Sediment–water interactions of natural oestrogens under estuarine conditions

The natural human female hormones oestrone and 17β-oestradiol have been implicated in the disruption of endocrine systems in some wildlife adjacent to sewage effluents. The sorption behaviour of these two compounds under estuarine conditions was studied by spiking either 2.55 μg of oestrone or 2.65 μg of 17β-oestradiol in kinetic experiments. In equilibrium experiments, 3 ng of oestrone or 3.2 ng of 17β-oestradiol was added in each of the centrifuge tubes. Sorption onto sediment particles was relatively slow, with sorption equilibrium being reached in about 70 and 170 h for oestrone and 17β-oestradiol, respectively. The effects of a variety of environmental parameters on sorption were studied including salinity, sediment concentration (SC), the presence of a third phase, particle size and, also, surfactant concentrations. Results show that although salinity did not induce any statistically significant effect on the sorption of 17β-oestradiol, it did statistically enhance the sorption of oestrone, and a salting constant of 0.3 l mol⁻¹ was derived. The partition coefficient for both compounds decreased with increasing sediment concentration, a phenomenon that has been widely reported and attributed to the presence of colloids (which could enhance dissolved concentrations). In this paper, the true partition coefficients for sediment particles (K_p^true) and colloidal particles (K_c^true) have been calculated, and a K_p^true value of 141 and 102 ml g⁻¹ was obtained for oestrone and 17β-oestradiol, respectively. In addition, K_c^true values for oestrone (222×10² ml g⁻¹) and 17β-oestradiol (135×10² ml g⁻¹) were two orders of magnitude higher than their respective K_p^true values, suggesting that the colloidal particles are significantly stronger sorbents for natural oestrogens than sediment particles. Particles of different sizes were found to have different partition coefficients due to the strong relationships between partition coefficients for the two compounds and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents and specific surface areas (SSAs). The presence of a surfactant was shown to reduce the partition coefficients for the two compounds, although its concentrations being used were higher than those normally found in the natural environment.     

略图调制系统的设计与实现

介绍了应用Visual C 6.0开发工具开发的略图调制系统,内容主要包括：开发背景、系统总体构成、主要功能和应用实例,并对一些技术要点作了原理性阐述,最后简单展望了进一步的工作。     

Comparison of two three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling systems for coastal tidal motion

A comparison of two three-dimensional numerical modeling systems for tidal elevations and velocities in the coastal waters is presented. The two modeling systems are: (1) the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) and (2) the MIKE 3 flow model. The model performance results for Singapore's coastal waters show that the predicted tidal elevations from the two hydrodynamic modeling systems are almost identical and are in very good agreement with field measurement data. The simulated tidal current velocities match well with field measurement data at the selected stations, but it seems that the POM provides the slightly better simulation, compared to the MIKE 3 flow model. The depth profiles of the velocities obtained from the two modeling systems may be greatly different at some time, due to the vertical diffusion coefficient calculated from different turbulent sub-models in the two modeling systems. The POM generally predicts larger peak tidal velocities. The maximum speed differences for the model results from the two modeling systems occur in the top and differ from time to time and from location to location, reaching up to 20%.     

地理信息网络服务的发展研究

随着体系结构、软件层次和自身需求的变化,GIS逐步发展为地理信息网络服务并得到迅速的推广。从标准化、语义化和3维化的角度总结了当前地理信息服务的发展状态,并指出下一代地理信息网络服务必然是基于以上三者的能够实现主动服务和统一多维服务的新一代地理信息服务。     

江苏重点海域绿潮漂移扩散数值模拟

江苏海域是绿潮灾害的多发海域,本文利用MIKE3模型建立了江苏辐射沙洲重点海域三维水动力模型,并采用实测资料对模型进行验证和率定;在水动力模型的基础上建立绿潮漂移扩散模型,对江苏海域绿潮漂移路径进行了模拟并与卫星遥感监测的结果进行对比。对比结果表明,模型24 h和48 h模拟结果与卫星遥感图像分析结果较吻合,模型能为江苏海域绿潮的预警预报提供一定参考。     

既有基坑延深开挖稳定性评价与支护方案确定

以北京市某特殊基坑工程为背景,采用FLAC3D软件,选用Mohr-Coulomb准则,对基坑在现有支护方案条件下进行延深开挖,计算分析桩锚支护体系的变形、受力情况。结果表明,基坑在现有支护方案条件下进行延深开挖将导致护坡桩抗弯性能不足、支护结构水平位移过大、锚固体系失效等问题,要保证基坑延深开挖后的安全稳定,必须对护坡桩增设支点,增加支护力。根据设计变更要求及施工现场实际条件,对多种加固支护方案进行比选,最终选用对护坡桩增设锚索的方案进行延深基坑的预加固。采用数值方法模拟分析上述加固方案后的基坑延深开挖力学行为,预测基坑及支护结构的变形情况,并与现场监测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,基坑延深开挖预加固支护方案合理有效,表明该方法对于类似工程的设计优化及现场施工具有重要的参考意义。     

三维激光扫描技术在宁化天鹅洞改造测量中的应用

三维激光扫描技术是目前最先进的测绘数据获取方式之一,它采用非接触主动测量方式直接获取高精度的三维数据,能够对任意物体进行扫描,快速将现实世界的信息转换成计算机可处理的三维数据信息,与传统测绘技术相比,除了速度快、精度高的优势外,更有获取对象信息更全面、提供的测绘成果更丰富更直观的突出技术特点。本文以宁化天鹅洞改造测量项目为例,探讨了三维激光扫描技术在地下溶洞改造测量工作中的应用原理、工作流程、成果类型及其技术优势,希望对同类工程项目应用有一定借鉴作用。     

BDS3新试验卫星测距信号质量分析

中国的北斗卫星导航系统按照“三步走”的发展战略稳步推进,目前正处于第二代区域卫星导航系统向第三代全球卫星导航系统发展的关键时期。在郑州设置实验测站,实地采集BDS3新试验卫星的数据,分别从卫星可见数、信号频点、载噪比、伪距观测噪声值、多路径效应等方面分析BDS3试验卫星测距信号的质量。结果表明:对于相同频点,不同卫星的载噪比、伪距噪声、多路径效应变化略有不同,一般而言,倾斜同步轨道卫星(IGSO)的性能优于中轨道卫星(MEO)的性能;相同轨道类型的卫星,载噪比、伪距噪声、多路径效应水平相似,并且载噪比、伪距噪声、多路径效应在各个频点的相对大小关系基本一致。     

三维激光扫描技术在桥梁构件模拟预拼装中的应用

提出了一种以三维激光扫描仪为主要数据获取手段,针对大型桥梁构件的模拟预拼装方法,用于装配化施工生产项目中大型构件的质量控制,并取代传统的、需要在构件加工场内搭建脚手架进行现场立体拼接来检验构件加工质量的方法。项目实践结果表明:该模拟预拼装方法建模方法快捷、有效,模型配准精度较高,建立的三维模型真实,能有效检验构件的质量,指导构件的场内修正,为推动装配化施工的市场进程提供技术支撑。