广东沿海陆地地质环境质量定量评价研究

广东沿海陆地不仅是我国经济较为发达的地区 ,而且也是地震、水土流失、崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝、地面沉降、岩溶塌陷、软土地基形变等地质灾害较为频发的地区。基于对广东沿海陆地主要物理地质灾害形成条件与影响因素调查、统计与分析 ,将广东沿海陆地地质环境质量划分 :构造稳定性、斜坡稳定性和地基稳定性三个质量层面 ,进而构造了隶属三个层面的指标体系 ,该指标体系包括活动断裂、地震活动、地形起伏度、斜坡坡地、冲沟切割密度、水土流失程度、崩滑面密度、土体承载力和地裂缝面密度 9个指标。基于地质环境质量五值逻辑等级取值 :优等、良好、中等、较差和差等 ,对评价指标进行了相应地量化分级取值和标准化处理 ,在建立指标专家权重体系和线性隶属函数的基础上 ,构造了模糊数学综合评价模型。基于 Fortran程序对 190个剖分单元指标数据进行了模型运算 ,将广东沿海陆地地质环境划分为五个质量级共 17个地质环境质量单元。     

Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3-D numerical analysis

Capacity based design of pile foundations limits the soil-structure interaction mechanism to group bearing capacity estimation, neglecting, in most cases, the contribution of the raft. On the other hand, a straightforward, nonlinear, 3-D analysis, accounting for soil and structural nonlinearities and the effects arising from pile–soil–pile interaction, would be extremely high CPU-time demanding and will necessitate the use of exceptionally powerful numerical tools. With the aim of investigating the most efficient, precise, and economical design for a bridge foundation, a hybrid method, compatible with the notion of sub-structuring is proposed. It is based on both experimental data and nonlinear 3-D analysis. The first step to achieve these targets is a back-analysis of a static pile load test, fitting values for soil shear strength, deformation modulus, and shear strength mobilization at the soil–pile interface. Subsequently, the response of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile group configurations is numerically established and the distribution of the applied load to the raft and the characteristic piles is discussed. Finally, a design strategy for an optimized design of pile raft foundations subjected to non-uniform vertical loading is proposed.     

Modelling the effects of temperature and food on individual growth and reproduction of Daphnia and their consequences on the population level

Individual based simulations of population dynamics require the availability of growth models with adequate complexity. For this purpose a simple-to-use model (non-linear multiple regression approach) is presented describing somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia as a function of time, temperature and food quantity. The model showed a good agreement with published observations of somatic growth (r² = 0.954, n = 88) and egg production (r² = 0.898, n = 35). Temperature is the main determinant of initial somatic growth and food concentration is the main determinant of maximal body length and clutch size. An individual based simulation was used to demonstrate the simultaneous effects of food and temperature on the population level. Evidently, both temperature and food supply affected the population growth rate but at food concentrations above approximately 0.4 mg Cl⁻¹ Scenedesmus acutus temperature appeared as the main determinant of population growth.

Four simulation examples are given to show the wide applicability of the model: (1) analysis of the correlation between population birth rate and somatic growth rate, (2) contribution of egg development time and delayed somatic growth to temperature-effects on population growth, (3) comparison of population birth rate in simulations with constant vs. decreasing size at maturity with declining food concentrations and (4) costs of diel vertical migration. Due to its plausible behaviour over a broad range of temperature (2–20 °C) and food conditions (0.1–4 mg Cl⁻¹) the model can be used as a module for more detailed simulations of Daphnia population dynamics under realistic environmental conditions.     

华北地区流域月降水径流模型比较研究

选择我国华北地区若干流域,建立了三个月降水径流模型——统计模型、比利时模型和新安江模型。分析结果表明;统计模型能较好地反映流域输出对输入的响应,新安江模型(改进后)则能较好地描述半干旱地区流域的产汇流特性,模型拟合效果也较好,而比利时模型,经初步应用,拟合效果比新安江模型差。     

大兴安岭中段木瑞组的发现及其地质意义

在内蒙古1：5万蘑菇山幅、柴河源幅、苏河屯幅、兴安幅四幅区域地质调查中,研究人员通过详细的野外地质调查,首次在中侏罗统满克头鄂博组下部发现木瑞组,二者为整合接触关系。该组岩石类型为紫红色泥质粉砂岩夹灰白色砾岩,出露不完整,从而证明大兴安岭中段在中侏罗世历经陆相山间盆地堆积,具快速堆积特点。该组可作为一个区域性的标志层,对研究大兴安岭中段在中侏罗世期间地质演化史具有重要意义。     

电站坝基岩体评价及深层抗滑稳定性分析

某水电站位于雅鲁藏布江中游桑日至加查峡谷段出口处,坝型为混凝土重力坝,最大坝高116m,属高坝。混凝土重力坝主要是依靠坝体自身重量于基础之上产生的摩擦力及坝体与基础之间的凝聚力来抵抗水压力以满足稳定要求,对基础岩体要求较高。根据该水电站坝基工程实践,从坝基岩体质量评价方法、分级标准及深层抗滑稳定计算方法等方面进行一些有益探索,对类似工程坝基岩体质量评价及深层抗滑稳定计算具有指导意义。     

应用GeoStar建立数字佛像三维模型的研究

通过使用GeoStar系列软件进行数字三维佛像建模 ,进一步实现佛像的动态漫游 ,从而得出了一种基于等值线图建立数字表面模型并进行空间漫游的可行技术 ;通过研究卧佛的历史资料 ,对数字佛像模型进行修补 ,探讨了实现佛像表面三维可视化复原的方法     

A viscoelastic shear zone model of compressional and extensional plate boundaries

A model is proposed describing the mechanical evolution of a shear zone along compressional and extensional plate boundaries, subject to constant strain rate. The shear zones are assumed as viscoelastic with Maxwell rheology and with elastic and rheological parameters depending on temperature and petrology. Stress and strain are computed as functions of time and depth. For both kinds of boundaries the model reproduces the existence of a shallow seismogenic zone, characterized by a stress concentration. The thickness of the seismogenic layer is evaluated considering the variations of shear stress and frictional strength on faults embedded in the shear zone. Assuming that a fault dislocation takes place, the brittle-ductile transition is assumed to occur at the depth at which the time derivative of total shear stress changes from positive to negative values. The effects of different strain rates and geothermal gradients on the depth of the brittle-ductile transition are studied. The model predictions are consistent with values inferred from seismicity data of different boundary zones.     

搅拌桩处理软土地基的离心机试验研究

通过无处理软土路基和搅拌桩复合地基的土工离心模型试验,探讨了路基沉降与时间的关系、搅拌桩对路基沉降控制的效果以及桩顶、桩底、桩侧不同深度处的应力分布和不同深度处的桩身应变,对京沪高速铁路路基处理措施的选择和复合地基的理论计算有一定的指导意义。     

江苏省地下水开发利用中的环境地质问题及对策

江苏省地下水在开发利用过程中,由于开采布局不合理和存在＂三集中＂以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素,出现水位逐年下降,并形成区域性超采漏斗,致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质咸化和诱发地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析全省深层地下水开发利用的四个阶段、主采层区域水位降落漏斗的发展过程和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质咸化和地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势,从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度,提出地下水资源合理利用的对策建议。