GOCAD三维建模技术在基础工程中的应用研究

随着三维可视化技术的不断发展,在工程建设中应用三维技术立体化地展示工程设计成果成为了可能。文章应用了GOCAD软件在地质方面三维建模的强大功能,以真实工程案例为研究对象,分别了探讨了研究场地的三维工程地质地层模拟、地层属性模拟、场地开挖和地基处理工程桩模拟的快速建模流程及关键技术,并对模拟地层的准确性进行了验证。通过应用实例证明,GOCAD软件具有快速建模,可视化效果良好的特点,能够较真实地反映地层分布情况,能够快速实现基础工程中相关的构件建模,将其应用于岩土工程的勘察设计及施工工作中是切实可行的。     

基于CryoSat-2的东南极PANDA断面考察沿线DEM制作及精度分析

基于卫星测高数据,国际上先后发布了ICESat DEM、Bamber DEM等全南极DEM.相对于传统高度计,大轨道倾角、长重访周期的设计使CryoSat-2具有更大的数据覆盖范围以及更加密集的轨道覆盖;同时,SARIn模式的启用也提高了CryoSat-2对于南极边缘区域的监测能力.针对利用CryoSat-2数据提取DEM问题,对CroySat-2的轨迹覆盖特征、数据滤波方法、最优内插参数选取以及DEM精度验证等方面进行了探讨,并利用克里金插值法生成了东南极PANDA断面考察沿线1 km分辨率的DEM.结果表明：通过与ICESat数据对比,发现PANDA断面考察沿线DEM整体高程精度约为（1.57±3.30）m;但是,局部区域高程精度分析表明,DEM精度具有不均一性,随着坡度的增加DEM高程精度逐渐下降,高程稳定性也同时下降.     

钟姑地区典型矿床的重磁找矿模式

钟姑地区位于宁芜中生代火山岩盆地南段,已发现有白象山铁矿等多个大型铁矿,是长江中下游成矿带以玢岩型铁矿为主的矿集区。本文以钟姑地区实测岩石物性参数为桥梁,以实测重磁数据为基础,分析了该区白象山铁矿、钟九铁矿和云楼铁矿的重磁场分布特征,并根据典型矿区已知地质条件,运用成熟的2.5D重磁联合反演技术进行计算,从定量角度认识铁矿体深部发育形态、位置与重磁异常之间对应关系,建立钟姑地区白象山铁矿等典型矿床的重磁找矿模式,为该区进一步找矿突破提供地球物理场信息。     

Laboratory Simulation of the Formation Process of Surface Geochemical Anomalies Applied to Hydrocarbon Exploration

The formation mechanisms and processes of geochemical anomalies used as proxies in surface geochemistry exploration (SGE) have not been well understood. Previous studies cannot realize 3D measurement of microseeping hydrocarbons from reservoirs to the surface, which made it difficult to understand the features and pathways of deep hydrocarbon microseepages. Understanding the processes of hydrocarbon microseepages will contribute to the acceptance and effectiveness of surface geochemistry. Based on a simplified geological model of hydrocarbon microseepages, including hydrocarbon reservoir, direct caprock, overlying strata and Quaternary sediments, this work established a 3D experimental system to simulate the mechanisms and processes of deep hydrocarbon microseepes extending to the surface. The dispersive halos of microseeping hydrocarbons in the subsurface were adequately described by using this 3D experimental system. Results indicate that different migration patterns of hydrocarbons above the point gas source within the simulated caprock and overlying strata can be reflected by the ratio of i-butane to n-butane (i-C4/n-C4), which follow diffusion and infiltration (buoyancy) mechanisms. This is not the case for vertical measurement lines far from the point gas source. A vertical gas flow in the form of a plume was found during hydrocarbon microseepage. For sampling methods, the high-density grid sampling is favorable for delineating prospecting targets. Hydrocarbon infiltration or buoyancy flow occurs in the zones of infiltration clusters, coupling with a diffusion mechanism at the top of the water table and forming surface geochemical anomalies. These results are significant in understanding hydrocarbon microseepage and interpreting SGE data.     

基于3D影像模型的长白山天池地质灾害现状与潜在危害分析

通过遥感解译及野外调查工作,查清了长白山天池地区主要地质灾害分布现状及规模,分析了灾害发生的机理,编制了地质灾害危害区划图,能够为相关防灾减灾部门提供决策依据.     

焦作矿区电法探测导,含水构造的效果

应用直流电法仪在井下进行了工作面巷道底板电测深和掘进头超前探测，查清了工作面底板水层的富水性和掘进头前头的地质构造及含水情况。目前，大部分探测结果已得到生产实践的证实。     

基于BP神经网络反演分析的隧道塌方机理研究

岩溶区隧道在施工过程中易发生崩塌,针对力学方面的隧道塌方机理分析较多,而针对岩溶软弱破碎带等地层方面的隧道塌方机理研究分析较少。为保证隧道施工的安全性、经济性和可行性,掌握隧道施工中的塌方机理非常有必要。依托贵州某岩溶破碎地层隧道在开挖过程中发生的坍塌现象,结合隧道的监测数据,运用BP神经网络的构建原理,对隧道的地层参数进行反演。将反演土体力学参数输入到FLAC3D有限元软件构建的不同施工方法模型中,对典型断面的崩塌破坏机制和风险进行判断和分析。结果表明：施工方法对隧道开挖的稳定性影响较大,针对围岩等级为Ⅴ级的隧道,采用三台阶七步法和单侧壁导坑法施工较安全,隧道塌方与隧道双向同时开挖没有关系;反演所得的隧道拱顶位移预测值为2.3 cm,地表位移预测值为1.2 cm,与监测数据偏差13%左右,反演结果具有一定的可信度。研究结果对岩溶区软弱破碎地层断面隧道公路建设具有重要指导意义。     

矿产资源潜力评价方法对比及其发展趋势探讨

矿产资源潜力评价是预测一个地区矿产资源找矿潜力的评价方法,先后经历3个阶段：探索和应用阶段、快速发展阶段及信息化阶段。笔者梳理了“三步式”、证据权、预测普查组合、成矿系列、地质异常、综合信息预测、地球化学块体和非线性预测等8种矿产资源潜力评价理论或方法,通过相关应用实例阐述其实用性,分析了国内外应用潜力评价方法获取的研究成果,总结其发展趋势。其中,“三步式”和证据权是目前使用较为广泛的方法,成矿系列则是国内研究的热点。随着科学技术的进步以及数学地质的不断发展,矿产资源潜力评价已步入信息化阶段,三维深部预测将是未来潜力评价重点发展方向。     

交叉裂隙岩体裂纹扩展试验及混合有限-离散元数值模拟研究

对预制交叉裂隙岩石试样进行裂纹扩展试验,研究了裂纹萌生、扩展、聚合过程,分析了主裂隙和轴向载荷夹角及主次裂隙夹角对裂纹起裂应力和聚合应力的影响,并用混合有限元-离散元程序,即图形处理器并行化的3D Y-HFDEM代码对试验进行了仿真计算,实现了岩石破坏从连续介质向非连续介质的过渡,对裂纹类及损伤破坏模式进行了识别,捕捉到了试验中难以发现的现象。研究表明：随主裂隙与轴向载荷夹角增加,裂纹聚合区的拉伸裂纹数量增加;裂纹起裂和聚合应力与主裂隙与轴向载荷夹角成正比;主次裂隙夹角增加,岩石的破坏模式由拉伸破坏转为剪切破坏,交叉裂隙加剧岩石破碎程度;主裂隙尖端萌生扩展的拉伸-剪切混合裂缝引起的破坏在岩石破坏中占主导地位,是导致岩体失去承载能力的主控裂纹;混合有限元-离散元仿真软件GPGPU并行化的3D Y-HFDEM IDE在岩石裂纹扩展研究中具有优势,可以捕捉实验室难以发现的损伤断裂类型,可以作为岩石裂纹扩展研究的有力工具。     

The bimodal rift-related Juscelândia volcanosedimentary sequence in central Brazil: Mesoproterozoic extension and Neoproterozoic metamorphism

The Barro Alto Complex and Juscelândia volcanosedimentary sequence are exposed in the central part of the Neoproterozoic Brasília belt of central Brazil. The former is a large (approximately 150 km long), boomerang-shaped, mafic-ultramafic, layered complex formed by two different intrusions metamorphosed under granulite facies. These rocks are tectonically overlain by rocks of the Juscelândia volcanosedimentary sequence, represented mainly by biotite-gneiss and amphibolite, or amphibolite facies metamorphic equivalents of rhyolite and basalt, respectively. New SIMS U–Pb zircon data and Sm–Nd isochron data presented herein help clarify the igneous and metamorphic evolution of the Juscelândia volcanosedimentary sequence, as well as its relationship with the Barro Alto Complex. Zircon grains from two biotite gneisses were analyzed by SIMS (SHRIMP) and indicate Mesoproterozoic dates, approximately 1.28 Ga, interpreted as the time of bimodal volcanism in a tectonic setting transitional between a continental rift and an ocean basin. Metamorphism is constrained by Sm–Nd garnet-whole-rock isochrons for garnet amphibolite and pelitic schists of the Juscelândia sequence, as well as for clinopyroxene-garnet amphibolite and garnet granulite of the Barro Alto Complex, which give ages between 0.74 and 0.76 Ga, in agreement with SIMS dates for metamorphic zircon rims. These new data are significant, because they establish that a single metamorphic event affected both the Barro Alto Complex and the Juscelândia sequence. Based on these new data, we present a modified tectonic model for the Brasília belt.