IMPACT OF DIABATIC PROCESSES IN AGCM ON 4-DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION*

The impact of diabatic processes on 4-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) was studied using the 1995 version of NCEP's global spectral model with and without full physics.The adjoint was coded manually.A cost function measuring spectral errors of 6-hour forecasts to "observation" (the NCEP reanalysis data) was minimized using the L-BFGS (the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm developed by Broyden,Fletcher,Goldfard and Shanno) for optimizing parameters and initial conditions.Minimization of the cost function constrained by an adiabatic version of the NCEP global model converged to a minimum with a significant amount of decrease in the value of the cost function.Minimization of the cost function using the diabatic model, however,failed after a few iterations due to discontinuities introduced by physical parameterizations.Examination of the convergence of the cost function in different spectral domains reveals that the large-scale flow is adjusted during the first 10 iterations,in which discontinuous diabatic parameterizations play very little role.The adjustment produced by the minimization gradually moves to relatively smaller scales between 10-20th iterations.During this transition period,discontinuities in the cost function produced by "on-off" switches in the physical parameterizations caused the cost function to stay in a shallow local minimum instead of continuously decreasing toward a deeper minimum. Next,a mixed 4D-Var scheme is tested in which large-scale flows are first adiabatically adjusted to a sufficient level,followed by a diabatic adjustment introduced after 10 to 20 iterations. The mixed 4D-Var produced a closer fit of analysis to observations,with 38% and 41% more decrease in the values of the cost function and the norm of gradient,respectively,than the standard diabatic 4D-Var,while the CPU time is reduced by 21%.The resulting optimal initial conditions improve the short-range forecast skills of 48-hour statistics.The detrimental effect of parameterization discontinuities on minimization was also reduced.     

Finding the most variable stars in the Orion Belt with the All Sky Automated Survey

We look for high‐amplitude variable young stars in the open clusters and associations of the Orion Belt. We use public data from the ASAS‐3 Photometric V ‐band Catalogue of the All Sky Automated Survey, infrared photometry from the 2MASS and IRAS catalogues, proper motions, and the Aladin sky atlas to obtain a list of the most variable stars in a survey area of side 5° centred on the bright star Alnilam (ε Ori) in the centre of the Orion Belt. We identify 32 highly variable stars, of which 16 had not been reported to vary before. They are mostly variable young stars and candidates (16) and background giants (8), but there are also field cataclysmic variables, contact binaries, and eclipsing binary candidates. Of the young stars, which typically are active Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri stars with Hα emission and infrared flux excess, we discover four new variables and confirm the variability status of another two. Some of them belong to the well known σ Orionis cluster. Besides, six of the eight giants are new variables, and three are new periodic variables (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

近江牡蛎两个野生种群的遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD分子标记和rDNA-ITS1序列分析了近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis湛江官渡和阳江程村野生种群的遗传多样性。12个RAPD引物共扩增出8838条片段,157个位点,平均每个引物可产生13个位点,片段长度在200～2200bp之间。湛江种群和阳江种群的多态位点比例分别为89.62%和89.57%,遗传多样性指数分别为0.4170和0.4334。种群间平均遗传距离为0.0327,平均遗传相似性为0.9681,平均遗传分化系数为0.0437。得到近江牡蛎18S、5.8S部分序列和ITS1全部序列,其中ITS1序列片段长度为478～485bp,共有11个变异位点,两个为转换(A/G),其他为插入/缺失(A/-、T/-)。湛江和阳江种群各获得8个单倍型,其中有一个单倍型为两个种群共享。两个种群的CG碱基平均含量较高,分别为58.29%和58.41%。种群间的遗传分化系数0.0254。结果说明,近江牡蛎湛江种群和阳江种群间具有较高的遗传多样性和较低的遗传分化。     

HY-1C/D卫星中国海洋水色水温扫描仪几何定位方法

海洋一号C/D（HY-1C/D）卫星中国海洋水色水温扫描仪（Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner,COCTS）主要用于探测海洋水色、水温等要素,这些要素需要经过卫星资料处理才能获取,而几何定位是预处理的核心,直接影响这些要素的质量。COCTS具有114°视场角和四元逐点摆扫的特征,据此研究出一套完整的几何定位方法。从0级数据中提取卫星星历,利用插值法从中获取采样时间对应的卫星位置和速度,进而得到轨道（ORB）坐标系到地心旋转（ECR）坐标系的转换矩阵。基于四元逐点摆扫的特征,中心视矢量分别绕X轴、Y轴旋转相应角度,获得扫描行各采样点ORB视矢量,建立视矢量与地球交叉点关系模型,从而对根据波段数据绘制的遥感图像进行地理定位。本文使用插值法替代了传统需要6个轨道根数来计算卫星位置的复杂方法,同时直接计算ORB到ECR的转换矩阵,而不采用传统的两步转换方法。经过多组数据计算及定性定量验证,HY-1C/D COCTS几何定位结果一致;采样像元尺度效应导致从星下点到两侧边缘、从赤道到两极,误差逐渐增大,约在两个像元内。该方法满足一定的定位精度要求,可以用于COCTS的几何定位。     

国产GTS1探空仪与VAISALA公司RS92探空仪对比分析

文章从静态指标与动态对比两个方面,对中国国产GTS1探空仪与芬兰Vaisala公司RS92探空仪的综合性能进行对比.对比结果表明,GTS1探空仪温度存在滞后误差,RS92探空仪湿度测量结果明显好于GTS1探空仪,200hPa以上RS92探空仪气压变化低于GTS1探空仪,测风精度方面RS92探空仪高于GTS1探空仪,850hPa以下和150hPa以上GTS1探空仪测风与RS92探空仪存在1m·s-1以内的系统差,RS92探空仪在整体性能上高于GTS1探空仪.     

南海1∶100万永暑礁幅海洋区域地质调查成果

1∶100万永暑礁幅海洋区域地质调查成果揭示了该区地壳的浅、中、深层地质特征。浅层主要研究海底地形、地貌、表层沉积物、矿产资源、潜在地质灾害等;中层主要研究新生代地层、断裂体系、岩浆岩、含油气盆地远景等;深层则研究磁性基底、深层断裂、莫霍面分布特征等。本成果在以下几方面有重要突破：①通过对比新生代以来的地层,确定各沉积盆地地层特征和相互关系,在此基础上预测油气资源前景;②分析表层沉积物类型,预测本区未来可能具有开发价值的固体矿产资源;③利用磁性基底和莫霍面数据分析本区地壳结构特征。     

3D behaviour of contamination in landfill sites using 2D resistivity/IP imaging: case studies in Portugal

Aiming at defining a valid spatial contamination model, resistivity and induced polarization (IP) measurements were used to investigate contamination plumes in the vicinity of two municipal landfills (Ovar and ílhavo). Previous geophysical surveys and underground water samples confirmed the contamination. However 2D resistivity/IP surveys enabled in obtaining a more accurate spatial model. The Ovar survey consisted of two profiles with nine Wenner soundings each; the ílhavo survey was carried out along two individual lines using a Wenner standard pseudo-section. In both situations, negative IP values were found associated with positive IP values, which can be explained mainly by 2D or 3D geometric effects caused by the presence of the conductive plumes. The data were modelled using a 2D inversion program (RES2DINV) and the resulting resistivity and chargeability distributions were displayed as pseudo-sections. The resistivity and chargeability pseudo-sections define the contamination plumes and the sedimentary structure. These case studies illustrate the advantages of 2D resistivity/IP surveys for the mapping of shape and dimension of contamination associated with landfills.     

基于支撑向量回归的高光谱混合像元非线性分解

提出了基于支撑向量回归的高光谱混合像元自动分解.首先利用投影迭代的方法自动寻找到影像的典型地物光谱,然后利用Hapke近似函数模拟出非线性的训练和测试数据.支撑向量回归的混合像元分解方法与基于基函数分解方法的不同点是不需要预先确定非线性的映射形式,它通过核函数,把像元矢量从低维空间映射到高维特征空间,使得在特征空间中构造的线性光谱组合对应着原始空间（像元空间）的非线性组合特性,从而揭示了典型地物光谱之间的高阶性质,提高了混合像元的分解精度.实验结果证明,这种方法具有很高的混合像元的分解精度.利用模拟数据作分解精度的评价,表明97%以上的像元分解绝对误差不大于10%,而各类总体平均平方根误差均小于3.5%.     

相干体技术在煤矿断层及陷落柱精细解释中的应用

根据相干体技术原理和主要参数选取原则,对五阳矿区进行了以断层和陷落柱为主要研究对象的解释工作。应用实例表明：相干体技术可有效解决本区断层断点较多、切割关系复杂、空间展布规律难以把握和常规解释误差较大等问题;同时,对不规则环状相邻陷落柱的边界及直径较小的陷落柱都有十分灵敏的反映,特别是对较大断层附近的微小构造也可作出较为可靠的解释。     

灾害预报与鸡西煤矿瓦斯爆炸事件

2002年上半年,伴随着厄尔尼诺现象的日益加剧,全球性重大自然灾害频繁发生.6月20日发生在中国黑龙江省鸡西煤矿的瓦斯爆炸事件和6月22日发生在伊朗的强烈地震,时间恰逢月亮近地潮的6月19日和太阳潮半日形变最大值的夏至的6月21日附近,是地球形变和排气较强烈的时段.据国内外有关资料,月球与地球发震有关系的重要条件是“近地点兼朔、望”以及各大行星特定位置的配合,张元东称之为“特殊天象组合期”[1];郭增建等提出,月亮赤纬角或太阳黄赤交角最大时地球形变和排气最强烈[2～5].在此期间,中国各种大的突发性灾难,如空难、海难、火车事故、矿…