地表岩石侵蚀速率对宇生核素暴露测年影响的研究

利用原地生宇生核素测定暴露年代时,通常会假设地貌体侵蚀速率为0。研究表明,该假设会低估地貌体的真实暴露年代。搜集2009~2012年全球不同区域56个岩石样品的宇生核素¹⁰Be测年数据,探讨侵蚀速率为0对于侵蚀速率为0.5、1以及2 mm/ka的样品,在不同暴露尺度上对暴露年代计算的影响幅度。结果表明,对于1×10⁴a尺度的样品暴露年代可能低估约0.5%,1%,2%;对于10×10⁴a尺度的样品可能低估约5%,7%,20%;对于50×10⁴a尺度的样品可能低估约40%,70%甚至100%以上。     

内蒙古一次强沙尘暴过程综合观测分析

利用高空、地面常规观测资料和内蒙古沙尘暴监测站的沙尘暴器测资料,对2010年3月19～20日一次强沙尘暴天气过程进行了综合观测分析.结果表明:本次沙尘暴发生前,大气层结稳定并不利于对流的发展.但在700 hPa至500 hPa的强冷平流与850 hPa以下层次的平流差异有利于温度垂直递减率增大,强冷平流的作用使其中心以下层次形成热力不稳定层结,是沙尘暴发生的有利层结条件.当干对流风暴发生并形成沙尘暴天气时,不稳定能量释放,使该层大气趋于中性层结即混合层,混合层可能是其间的一个平衡态.对流层中低层冷平流的强度、位置和层次,一定程度上影响着混合层的厚度和沙尘暴的强度.过程中混合层以下气层温度下降的比较快,加之沙尘暴顶层短波辐射有增温效果,在混合层顶(约500 hPa处)出现逆温盖.强冷空气活动是引发沙尘暴天气的主要原因,沙尘暴天气的发生伴随着地面剧烈降温,相对湿度骤降,气压涌升,地面风速直接影响沙尘暴强度.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度能更加精细的反映和描述沙尘暴强度的变化.粒子散射系数的变化趋势和PM10浓度的变化趋势非常一致,沙尘暴阶段,散射系数基本在1000Mm-1以上,达到强沙尘暴强度阶段,散射系数基本在2000Mm-1以上.     

Could CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b be remnants of evaporated gas or ice giants?

We present thermal mass loss calculations over evolutionary time scales for the investigation if the smallest transiting rocky exoplanets CoRoT-7b (∼1.68R_Earth) and Kepler-10b (∼1.416R_Earth) could be remnants of an initially more massive hydrogen-rich gas giant or a hot Neptune-class exoplanet. We apply a thermal mass loss formula which yields results that are comparable to hydrodynamic loss models. Our approach considers the effect of the Roche lobe, realistic heating efficiencies and a radius scaling law derived from observations of hot Jupiters. We study the influence of the mean planetary density on the thermal mass loss by placing hypothetical exoplanets with the characteristics of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus to the orbital location of CoRoT-7b at 0.017 AU and Kepler-10b at 0.01684 AU and assuming that these planets orbit a K- or G-type host star. Our findings indicate that hydrogen-rich gas giants within the mass domain of Saturn or Jupiter cannot thermally lose such an amount of mass that CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b would result in a rocky residue. Moreover, our calculations show that the present time mass of both rocky exoplanets can be neither a result of evaporation of a hydrogen envelope of a “Hot Neptune” nor a “Hot Uranus”-class object. Depending on the initial density and mass, these planets most likely were always rocky planets which could lose a thin hydrogen envelope, but not cores of thermally evaporated initially much more massive and larger objects.     

烟台海域海岛自动站大风对比试验

烟台北部面临黄、渤海,海岛自动站分布众多.我们发现,在同一大风过程中,各海岛自动站的风速、风向因为海拔高度、周围地形影响、下垫面摩擦的不同造成明显差异.本文主要以长岛作为渤海海峡大风的代表站,以崆峒岛和芝罘岛作为烟台北部沿海海域大风的代表站,利用便携自动站的观测数据近似代表海面大风的实况,与代表站进行大风的对比试验,对比试验的数据均采用指数廓线公式订正到海面10m高度.分析了三个海岛自动站的不同风向下的海面大风的实际代表性,并给出不同风向下的大风订正值.     

稻城冰帽库照日冰碛垄的宇生核素10Be年代测定

沙鲁里山南端的稻城冰帽在第四纪曾发生过大规模的冰川作用,然而,关于冰川作用的年代数据相对较少。选择稻城冰帽南缘库照日附近的3套冰碛垄进行宇生核素10Be的暴露年代测定,研究结果表明:(1)库照日最老冰碛垄(E)的暴露年代为(714±8.0)～(529±8.0)kaBP,D垄的暴露年代为(121±2.9)～(114±2.9)kaBP,DC垄的暴露年代为(47±1.3)～(43±1.3)kaBP。由于宇生核素暴露年代所反映的是冰川消退时的年代,因此,我们结合深海氧同位素的气候特征以及其他测年数据推断,E垄、D垄、DC垄可能是MIS16、MIS6以及MIS3b阶段冰川作用的产物;(2)冰川退却是一种逐步退却的模式。样品E的两次测验结果比较吻合,表明宇生核素10 Be暴露测年方法对冰碛垄形成年代的测定是可靠的,该方法在地貌学和第四纪年代学研究中有着巨大的潜力。     

近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变

为分析近10 年来中国PM₁₀污染时空格局演变,运用统计学和GIS 方法对2002-2012 年PM₁₀监测数据进行分析,结果表明：① 地级及以上城市ρ（PM₁₀）年均值由0.130 mg·m^-3下降至0.076 mg·m^-3,达标城市比例由37.6%上升至92.0%;环保重点城市ρ（PM₁₀）日均值超标天数比例由24.7%下降至7.0%。② 12 月份PM₁₀污染最重,其次为1 月和11 月;8 月份污染最轻,其次为7 月和9 月。③ PM₁₀的重污染区域明显减小,由集中连片分布变为零星点状分布。但空间格局未发生明显变化,北方尤其是西北、华北地区及山东、江苏、湖北一直是PM₁₀污染相对严重地区。④ 北方地区PM₁₀污染重于南方地区,两者的差异主要发生在北方采暖期（1-4 月及11-12 月）。⑤ PM₁₀污染的改善主要体现在重污染城市的改善,1/10 左右的重污染城市对降低全国PM₁₀平均浓度的贡献约占1/3,而清洁城市PM₁₀污染则有加重趋势。⑥ 环保重点城市污染天气以轻度污染为主,占全部污染天数的80.4%。受沙尘天气影响,3、4 月份发生严重污染天气的比例较高。     

基于生态足迹的宁夏回族自治区可持续发展评价

对可持续发展能力的定量评估是进行可持续发展研究的关键,基于生态足迹计算的发展能力指标是较好的评价指标之一。采用生态足迹模型,首次对宁夏1991-2010年长时间序列生态足迹进行了计算,对生态赤字的构成进行了分析;修正了Ulanowicz的发展能力模型,创新性的在计算公式中将万元GDP生态赤字（盈余）因子引入,对宁夏生态经济系统的可持续发展能力进行了评价。结果表明：1991-2010年宁夏人均生态赤字高于全球0.4 hm2,和全国0.68 hm2的水平相比,1991-2010年宁夏生态赤字扩大5倍,20 a间系统稳定性逐渐下降,但近年有向良性化方向好转的趋势。在2010年资源利用效率最高;生态经济系统可持续发展能力持续上升,2010年最大,为2.993,是20 a前的16倍多。提高生态足迹多样性、提高资源利用效益,是宁夏提高发展能力的途径;且通过政策手段对能耗进行控制,宁夏建设可持续发展经济是可期待的。     

亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统呼吸昼夜变化研究初报

采用Li-8100对亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统呼吸及其分室昼夜动态进行研究,结果表明,草坪生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和植物地上部分呼吸速率的昼夜变化均表现为单峰曲线,呼吸速率日最高值出现在中午13：00～14：00;草坪生态系统的呼吸速率最低值只出现在6月的7：00左右,其他月份的最低值出现在23：00～2：00;土壤呼吸速率的最低值出现在4月和6月的7：00左右,8月则在2：00达最低值,11月土壤呼吸速率波动不大,极值不太明显．生态系统呼吸速率始终表现为白天高于夜间．4月、6月、8月和11月生态系统呼吸的日排放C量分别为27．30、43．94、44．79和25．18g m^2d^-1．6月、8月和11月土壤日呼吸量占整个生态系统日呼吸总量的比例大约为50％,远小于4月的74％．除11月外,生态系统、土壤总呼吸速率的昼夜变化均与5cm土温呈显著的指数相关．草坪生态系统呼吸的Q10值大小顺序为4月〉11月〉6月〉8月,土壤总呼吸的Q10值大小顺序为6月〉4月〉8月〉11月;除11月外,土壤呼吸的Q10值大于生态系统呼吸．     

Elements’ Geochemical Characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing During Winter and Spring

From 2012 to 2013, heavy haze frequently hit Beijing in spring and winter. The fine atmospheric particulates can be inhaled by people, and remain in the respiratory tract and lung for quite a long time. The heavy metal elements in the particles are harmful, and even carcinogenic to human bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to master the geochemical characteristics and the temporal and spatial distribution of the heavy metal elements in atmospheric particles. The atmospheric particulates (TSP/PM₁₀/PM_2.5) were collected by using TH1500C intelligent medium volume (80~120 L/min) air samplers in the five functional areas and suburbs of Beijing, respectively in January 2013 (heating period) and April 2013 (non-heating period). The five functional areas were: building materials factory area, residential area, education area, business area and recreation area, each functional area having three sampling sites, and five in suburbs. The sampling height was 1.5 m above the ground and the distance of the sampling sites to roads exceeded 50 m so as to avoid excessive impact of vehicle exhaust emissions. These samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer(ICP-OES)and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS), by which 21 elements including Al, Fe, Mn, As, Hg, Cd, Cr were tested. Based on the comparisons of the concentration and element content variation of atmospheric particulates of these functional areas in and after the heating period, the spatial distribution of atmospheric particulates and the influence of coal combustion on the concentration and composition of atmospheric particulates were revealed. The elements sources of atmospheric particulates were also discussed by computing the enrichment factor of the elements, providing a scientific basis for the air contaminant treatment in Beijing. The results showed that the total concentration of the 21 elements of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the functional areas of Beijing in winter was higher than that in spring, the most marked among them being the business area. In winter, the concentration of pollution elements in the building materials factory area and the business area in Beijing was extremely high, and the residential area, education area, recreation area and suburbs where people live were much better, among which the education area was the best. The concentration change of particulates in suburbs was quite smaller in winter and spring than that of the urban area. It also showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cr, As and Hg in PM₁₀ increased by 233%,306%,298%,141%,respectively and the increase in PM_2.5 was 442%、309%、310%、256%, respectively. These abovementioned elements show a tendency to accumulate mainly in PM_2.5 whose concentrations in winter were significantly higher than those in spring. It indicates that coal heating during winter makes great contributions to the polluting elements in atmosphere and the main polluting particulates are Cd, As and Hg.     

沙尘事件对兰州河谷大气环境PM10的影响

利用1999—2001年兰州河谷大气中空气污染物的监测数据,结合河西地区沙尘事件频次,分析了兰州河谷大气环境PM10含量的季节变化特征及其成因。结果表明,源于河西地区的沙尘暴对兰州市空气中PM10含量有重要影响,PM10浓度在冬春季较高,在夏季较低。1985—2001年16 a来河西走廊中东部沙尘事件年均约为37.6 d,兰州河谷年均沙尘事件约为24.4 d,两者表现出显著的相关性（R=0.67,P=0.003）。2001年兰州河谷1 h平均沙尘PM10浓度统计分析显示:PM10含量大于1.0 mg·m-3 的峰值,主要由河西地区沙尘暴过程引起,而PM10含量0.5~1.0 mg·m-3之间的峰值,主要由工业污染物SO2、NOx及颗粒物的排放引起。要长期有效地改善兰州市大气环境质量,不仅要科学地制定本地污染物的减排措施,还要考虑周围地区生态环境的建设。