Establishment of new structural indices for the coals with various susceptibilities to self-ignition

One of the main aims of the coal industry is to improve conditions and increase the safety of the work. The questions of environment also need to be considered. In the complex of science-technological problems the focus is placed on how to reveal spontaneous combustion of coals and siltages. The results of spontaneous combustion of coals and siltages are bereavement of the minerals, promise for failures and accidents, and pollution of the environment. The decision of problem of the prevention is very hard, because the spontaneous combustion of coals is an unforeseeable and poorly studied process. The methods of preventing spontaneous combustion of coals must be established. In the first place, these investigations must start with the study of the structure of these coals. The aim of the present work is to determine the differences in the structure of coals with various susceptibilities to spontaneous combustion .Main methods of studying coals include ultimate and proximate analyses, petrographic analysis, analysis of ashes, X-ray （apparatus ＂Kristalloflex Siemens＂ using filtered cuprum radiation）, extraction （Dionex ASE 200）, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC-MS） Finnigan MAT GCQ. Proximate, ultimate and petrographic analyses revealed the distinction in the structure of coals with various susceptibilities to self-ignition.     

Heavy metal and arsenic distributions in soils surrounding Palapye, Botswana： An evaluation of environmental impact of coal mining and combustion in a sub-arid region

Coal is an important natural resource in Botswana. The best coals so far found occur in the Morupule coalfield, west of Palapye, where nearly 8000 million tons have been identified （Carney et al., 1994）. In this study we investigate the environmental impact of the mining and consumption of the high-ash, medium-calorific value bituminous coal in the eastern part of Botswana, which may serve as a reference for other coal mines and coal-based power stations around the globe. More than two hundred surface soil samples and three profile soil samples were collected around Morupule Colliery, Morupule Power Station and Palapye.     

Study on the distribution of PAHs in fly ash from coal and residual char combustion in a pressurized fluidized bed

Direct coal combustion not only has a low utilizing efficiency, but also produces a large amount of pollutants such as particulate, CO2, SO2, NOx, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, PCDD/PCDFs, and so on. Coal gasification is a clean coal technology that presents good prospects for coal use, mainly for producing electricity with a high coal conversion efficiency and low environmental impact. However, there is a problem about the minimization of PAHs in coal gasification or direct coal combustion. PAHs are harmful to the environment and human health due to their high degree of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity when they enter human bodies through breathing, eating, and drinking. It is said that about 75%-90% cancers of human beings are mainly caused by PAHs. So the US EPA has prioritized 16 PAH compounds as hazardous air pollutants; these compounds are naphthalene （NAP）, acenaphthylene （AcPy）, acenaphthene （AcP）, fluorene （Flu）, phenanthrene （PhA）, anthracene （ANT）, fluoranthene （FluA）, pyrene （Pyr）, benzo （a） anthracene （BaA）, chrysene （Chr）, benzo （b） fluoranthene （BbF）, benzo （k） fluoranthene （BkF）, benzo （a） pyrene （BaP）, indeno（1,2,3,-cd） pyrene [In（1,2,3-cd） P], dibenzo （a,h） anthracene （DbA）, and benzo （ghi） perylene （BghiP）. The residual char is one of the main products during coal gasification, and then it is brought into the combustion chamber to combust. To investigate the distribution of PAHs in fly ash, the combustion of coal and residual char was tested in a pressurized spouted fluidized bed. After Soxhlet extraction and K-D concentration, the contents of 16 PAHs recommended by US EPA in coal, residual char, and fly ash, were analyzed by a HPLC coupled with fluorescence and diode-array detection.     

构造应力对煤化作用的影响*——应力降解机制与应力缩聚机制

压力因素在煤化作用中的意义是一个长期争议的问题，其主要原因在于混淆了地层压力和构造应力两种不同性质的“压力”作用，前者有利于物理煤化作用但抑制化学煤化作用，后者对物理煤化作用和化学煤化作用均具有促进作用。与有机大分子演化途径相适应，构造应力影响化学煤化作用存在两种基本机制——应力降解和应力缩聚。应力降解是指构造应力以机械力或动能形式作用于煤有机大分子，使煤芳环结构上的侧链、官能团等分解能较低的化学键断裂，降解为分子量较小的自由基团，以流体有机质形式（烃类）逸出的过程。应力缩聚是指在各向异性的构造应力作用下，煤芳环叠片通过旋转、位移、趋于平行排列使秩理化程度提高，基本结构单元定向生长和优先拼叠、芳香稠环体系增大的过程。采用X衍射（XRD）、傅立叶红外（FTIR）和岩石热解（Rock-eval）等技术，进行构造煤系列和非构造煤系列的对比分析，结果表明，构造变形煤具有脂族吸收峰弱而芳核吸收峰强、热解生烃潜力相对较低、基本结构单元增大等显著特征。应力降解和应力缩聚机制的提出，并未否认有机质演化的温度主导作用，只是强调构造应力在煤化作用中的“催化”意义。     

LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb Dating in the Jurassic Daohugou Beds and Correlative Strata in Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia

LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating is applied to volcanic rocks overlying and underlying the Salamander-bearing bed in the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng in Inner Mongola and Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping in western Liaoning. The results indicate that the youngest age of the rocks in Daohugou of Ningcheng is 158 Ma, and the oldest one is 164 Ma. Synthesized researches indicate that the salamander-bearing beds in Daohugou of Ningcheng, Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping were developed in the same period. The Daohugou beds were formed in the geological age of 164-158 Ma of the middle-late Jurassic. Whilst, the Daohugou beds and its corrdative strata should correspond to the Tiaojishan Formation （or Lanqi Formation） of the middle Jurassic in northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning Province, based on the disconformity between the Daohugou beds and its overlaying beds of the Tuchengzi Formation of Late Jurassic and the Jehol Beds of early Cretaceous, and the disconformity between the Daohugou Beds and its underlying Jiulongshan Formation, which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, shale with coal and thin coal beds.     

Carbon isotopic characteristics of hydrocarbon gases from coal-measure source rocks——A thermal simulation experiment

1 IntroductionThe compositional characteristics of natural gasesand their carbon isotopic composition are controlledmainly by the type of organic matter and the degree ofits thermal evolution in the source rocks (Song Yan,1995; Xu Yongchang et al., 1994; …     

Coexistence and inherence of diverse energy resources in the Ordos Basin, China

1 Introduction In recent years rapid economic developmentbadly needs energy resources. Exploration andexploitation of more kinds of energy resources shouldbe intensified to meet this need. According to presentliterature, oil/gas fields, coal fields as we…     

贵州西部氟中毒地区氟来源地质背景研究

贵州省西部广泛分布上二叠统煤系地层,燃煤型氟中毒严重影响当地居民的身体健康。引起氟中毒的氟是多来源的,影响氟中毒的因素是多方面的。高氟含量的岩石粘土岩、煤、页岩等是氟的初始来源体;高氟含量土壤是氟第二个层次的来源;高氟含量土壤中种植的农作物是第三个层次的来源;燃煤烟尘直接排放室内空气中和用燃煤烘烤食物等,使空气、食物和水中氟含量增高,是一重要的人为氟来源。人通过呼吸高氟含量的空气和食(饮)用高氟含量的食物(水)将氟沉淀在体内,造成氟中毒。     

煤层成因和煤相研究历史回顾及其研究现状

简要回顾了国内外煤相研究的发展历史，讨论丁煤相研究的主要内容，从煤岩学、沉积学、地球化学及古植物学等4个方面总结了煤相类型划分的主要依据，在此基础上对目前煤相研究的主要方法进行了归纳。     

依兰矿区老第三纪达连河组聚煤环境及聚煤规律

通过对依兰矿区地质背景和老第三纪含煤地层沉积特征的综合分析，认为该区含煤段古地理类型主要为冲积扇-扇三角洲平原-滨浅湖环境。在初期填平补齐作用后，形成了具有工业价值的达连河组下含煤段的上、中、下三个煤层群。