Comparison between different earthquake magnitudes determined by China Seismograph Network

By linear regression and orthogonal regression methods, comparisons are made between different magnitudes (lo-cal magnitude ML, surface wave magnitudes MS and MS7, long-period body wave magnitude mB and short-period body wave magnitude mb) determined by Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, on the basis of observation data collected by China Seismograph Network between 1983 and 2004. Empirical relations between different magnitudes have been obtained. The result shows that: 1 As different magnitude scales reflect radiated energy by seismic waves within different periods, earthquake magnitudes can be described more objectively by using different scales for earthquakes of different magnitudes. When the epicentral distance is less than 1 000 km, local magnitude ML can be a preferable scale; In case M<4.5, there is little difference between the magnitude scales; In case 4.5MS, i.e., MS underestimates magnitudes of such events, therefore, mB can be a better choice; In case M>6.0, MS>mB>mb, both mB and mb underestimate the magnitudes, so MS is a preferable scale for deter-mining magnitudes of such events (6.08.5, a saturation phenomenon appears in MS, which cannot give an accurate reflection of the magnitudes of such large events; 2 In China, when the epicentral distance is less than 1 000 km, there is almost no difference between ML and MS, and thus there is no need to convert be-tween the two magnitudes in practice; 3 Although MS and MS7 are both surface wave magnitudes, MS is in general greater than MS7 by 0.2~0.3 magnitude, because different instruments and calculation formulae are used; 4 mB is almost equal to mb for earthquakes around mB4.0, but mB is larger than mb for those of mB≥4.5, because the periods of seismic waves used for measuring mB and mb are different though the calculation formulae are the same.     

Seasonal Phase-Locking of Peak Events in the Eastern Indian Ocean

The sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly of the eastern Indian Ocean （EIO） exhibits cold anomalies in the boreal summer or fall during E1 Nino development years and warm anomalies in winter or spring following the E1 Nino events. There also tend to be warm anomalies in the boreal summer or fall during La Nina development years and cold anomalies in winter or spring following the La Nina events. The seasonal phase-locking of SST change in the EIO associated with E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation is linked to the variability of convection over the maritime continent, which induces an atmospheric Rossby wave over the EIO. Local air-sea interaction exerts different effects on SST anomalies, depending on the relationship between the Rossby wave and the mean flow related to the seasonal migration of the buffer zone, which shifts across the equator between summer and winter. The summer cold events start with cooling in the Timor Sea, together with increasing easterly flow along the equator. Negative SST anomalies develop near Sumatra, through the interaction between the atmospheric Rossby wave and the underneath sea surface. These SST anomalies are also contributed to by the increased upwelling of the mixed layer and the equatorward temperature advection in the boreal fall. As the buffer zone shifts across the equator towards boreal winter, the anomalous easterly flow tends to weaken the mean flow near the equator, and the EIO SST increases due to the reduction of latent heat flux from the sea surface. As a result, wintertime SST anomalies appear with a uniform and nearly basin-wide pattern beneath the easterly anomalies. These SST anomalies are also caused by the increase in solar radiation associated with the anticyclonic atmospheric Rossby wave over the EIO. Similarly, the physical processes of the summer warm events, which are followed by wintertime cold SST anomalies, can be explained by the changes in atmospheric and oceanic fields with opposite signs to those anomalies described above.     

气象要素信息分析与应用系统

开发了适合气象部门资料特点的等值线绘制和分析系统，通过优化等值线算法，进一步提高等值线绘制质量。同时利用数据共享网站，采用B/S技术提供气象信息的自动等值线绘制和查询等服务。     

混合表面活性剂在锗的邻苯二酚紫光度测定中增敏作用的研究

研究了混合表面活性剂对Ｇｅ－邻苯二酚紫显色体系的增敏作用，使反应灵敏度、稳定性有明显改善。据此拟定了微量Ｇｅ的测定新方法，其表观摩尔吸光系数可达５．７×１０＾４，线性范围为０￣２０μｇ ＧｅＯ２／２５ｍｌ，方法精密度好，实用效果令人满意。     

用AUTOCAD软件绘制两支避雷针保护范围

AUTOCAD是美国AUTOdesk公司推出的通用计算机辅助绘图和设计软件包。使用CAD绘制多支避雷针的保护范围，直观，明了，且简单。     

遥感定量监测地表干旱特征的方法研究和应用试验

介绍了地表面能量平衡系统的基本原理,在此基础上提出了应用气象卫星遥感资料和气象观测资料定量监测地表大范围干旱特征的实用计算方案。通过对计算成果的检验分析,评价了该方法的应用效果。     

云南兰坪富锶文石的振动光谱特征

为进一步研究富锶文石的晶体结构、颜色成因和矿物成因，采用振动光谱、EMPA和SEM对富锶文石进行了测试和分析。红外光谱、拉曼光谱测试分析表明，由于富锶文石存在着锶与钙的类质同像现象，其红外光谱和拉曼光谱中CO3^2-的v1、v2、v3、v4种振动模式波数介于文石和碳酸锶矿之间，与文石、碳酸锶矿等文石型碳酸盐振动光谱特征一致，并且文石的v4存在分裂峰。EMPA面扫描发现Ca^2 、Sr^2 的分布与富锶文石内部环带的分布存在一致性。由于CuO含量较少，分布规律不明显。SEM分析发现在环带之间存在空隙，各环带中富锶文石结晶程度和晶体表面特征不一，不同颜色和形态的环带反复生长。生长过程中，流体成分中各种元素的含量、温度和压力的变化造成不同颜色环带的形成，反映了该富锶文石是经过不同时期沉积形成的。     

高岭石表面酸碱反应的电位滴定实验研究

采用表面酸碱电位滴定法探讨高岭石表面酸碱性质,基于多位模式(即假定高岭石表面存在3种基团Al2 OH 、AlOH 和SiOH ) ,根据实验所得数据对高岭石表面的质子化和去质子化过程的相关参数进行拟合,讨论各个位点所发生的反应,并探讨了支持电解质浓度、高岭石溶解过程对表面酸碱电位滴定结果的影响。高岭石的表面零净质子电荷点(pHPZNPC,5 .2 )不等同于零电荷点,当pH <5 .2时,高岭石表面荷正电荷,主要由于表面富硅贫铝层的形成和Al位的质子化所致;当pH >5 .2时,高岭石表面荷负电荷,以Si位和Al的去质子化反应为主。