土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾遥感估算与验证

地表蒸散发是土壤—植被—大气系统中能量和水循环的重要环节,它包括土壤、水体和植被表面的蒸发,以及植被蒸腾。随着地表参数多源遥感产品的快速发展,利用不同地表参数遥感产品估算地表蒸散发以及其组分土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾成为日常监测越来越便利,监测尺度已从单站扩展到田块、区域乃至全球。目前地表蒸散发双层遥感估算模型按照建模机理的不同可分为:系列模型、平行模型、基于特征空间的模型、结合传统方法的模型以及数据同化方法。本文从模型构建物理机制、模型驱动数据以及模型输出结果验证等方面总结了上述模型的发展历史和现状,并指出在模型结构与参数化方案的优化、高分辨率模型驱动数据的发展、土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾像元尺度"地面真值"的获取等方面都仍需进一步完善。     

新疆渭干河灌区水文地质条件变化及排水措施探讨

渭干河灌区的水土环境及水文地质条件在克孜尔水库建成后发生了一定的变化,本文结合灌区12年来的水盐监测资料,对灌区地下水的埋深变化规律、水质演变趋势、灌区的排水效果及目前存在的问题进行了分析与探讨,并为今后灌区排水措施和保持水土环境的良性发展提出了建议.     

Comparisons of several evaporation/precipitation datasets for the Bohai Sea based on salinity simulation

Evaporation (E) rate and precipitation (P) rate are two significant meteorological elements required in the ocean baroclinic modeling as external forcings. However, there are some uncertainties in the currently used E/P rates datasets, especially in terms of the data quality. In this study, we collected E/P rates data from ERA-40, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, HOAPS for the Bohai Sea and nine routine stations around Laizhou Bay, and made comparisons among them. It was found that the differences in E/P rates between land and sea are remarkable, which was due to the difference in underlying surfaces. Therefore, the traditional way of using E/P rates acquired on land directly at sea is not correct. Since no final conclusion has been reached concerning the net water transport between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is unfeasible to judge the adequacy of the four kinds of data by using the water budget equation. However, the E/P rates at ERA-40 sea points were considered to be the optimal in terms of temporal/spatial coverage and resolution for the hindcast of salinity variation in the Bohai Sea. Besides, using the 3-D hydrodynamic model HAMSOM (HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model), we performed numerical experiments with different E/P datasets and found that the E/P rates at sea points from ERA-40 dataset are better than those from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis dataset. If NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis E/P rates are to be used, they need to be adjusted and tested prior to simulation so that more close-to-reality salinity values can be reproduced.     

海气通量算法在海上蒸发波导诊断中的应用

利用TOGA COARE Bulk Air-Sea Flux Algorithm3.0,建立了基于通量算法的蒸发波导模型(Flux Evaporation duct Model),并进行了环境敏感性分析,而且与Paulus-Jeske模型对比,进行误差敏感性分析,并开展了雷达探测评估的海上试验,较全面的阐述了基于通量算法的蒸发波导模型的性能。     

鄂尔多斯东部奥陶系马家沟组微相分析

早奥陶世马家沟期,在鄂尔多斯东部的陕北地区沉积了近千米厚的碳酸盐岩－蒸发岩地层。运用微相分析的方法,对这套地层进行了矿物岩石学、古生物学、沉积动力特征及形成环境的分析。按矿物组成、微观结构、组构和生物化石（及其碎屑）的组成等特征,把该区碳酸盐岩－蒸发岩划分为18个典型的微相类型。又根据其成因概括为6个微相系列,即与开阔海环境有关的微相系列、与滩相沉积有关的微相系列、与生物礁(丘)有关的微相系列、与隐藻席有关的微相系列、与局限－强烈蒸发条件有关的微相系列、次生晶粒结构微相系列。各系列的微相类型具有相近的成因环境特征,且微相的变化表现为相对的连续性。微相研究结果还表明,该区马家沟组的石灰岩类微相主要形成于开阔海陆棚环境和潮坪环境,部分与生物礁的发育有关;硬石膏岩、石盐岩等蒸发岩类微相主要形成于蒸发盆地与外海周期性隔绝的干化蒸发条件下;白云岩类微相有两种成因类型,即萨布哈环境的准同生白云岩化作用和埋藏成岩环境的成岩白云岩化作用。     

冬季湿球溶冰的几点体会

冬季观测工作中涉及到湿球溶冰。即当温度低于O℃而高于-10℃且湿球结冰时．要进行溶冰观测，目的使湿球温度表的球表面保持一层厚度均匀的薄冰，进行正常的冰面蒸发，以保证湿度测定的准确性。如果溶冰不当．会造成记录失真，甚至残缺。究其原因，绝大多数是人为因素。     

Distribution of Palygorskite in the Lingtai Profile of Chinese Loess Plateau: Its Paleoclimatic Implications

Palygorskite is a typical indicator mineral of the arid and strong evaporation environment. Distribution of palygorskite in loess-red clay sequences may act as an important indicator for reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. In this paper, field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope observations on the red clay-loess-paleosol of the Renjiapo profile at Lingtai, Gansu Province indicate that palygorskite occurs widely in red clay sequences formed before 3.6 Ma, but no occurrence has been found in eolian sediments since 3.2 Ma. Micromorphological features and microstructure of palygorskite show that it is an autogenic mineral formed during pedogenesis, and transformed from iilite-montmorilionite under the pore water action. In the Lingtai profile, the disappearance horizon of palygorskite is consistent with those of increasing magnetic susceptibility, dust flux and depositional rate. The distribution of palygorskite in the profile indicates that the interval of around 3.6 Ma was an important transformation period of the East Asian paleomonsoon, when changes took place in the East Asia paleoclimate pattern, i.e. a high-frequency strong fluctuation alternative evolution of the environment. Therefore, palygorskite is a key indicator mineral of the East Asian paleomonsoon evolution of that time.     

E-601B蒸发观测业务及蒸发量的分析判断

Ｅ－６０１Ｂ蒸发观测业务及蒸发量的分析判断李崇志（江苏省气象局业务处,南京２１０００８）根据中国气象局的决定和安排,１９９６年Ｅ－６０１Ｂ蒸发器在全国国家基本（基准）站推广换型并正式投入业务使用,有部分台站还是首次接触该项业务。本文总结实施该项业务的...     

鹤壁市春旱动态监测及分析

利用鹤壁市淇县1971～2000年降水、底墒、蒸发资料，建立了适用于对春旱进行实时业务监测的动态模型；根据干旱指数大小确定春旱等级，并通过实例对比分析证实干旱指数在分析干旱动态演变过程中的作用。     

“蒸发悖论”在黑河流域的探讨

利用黑河流域12个气象站点1960-2010年的气象资料,运用FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量,采用旋转经验正交函数、Mann-Kendall检验等方法系统分析了过去51 a间潜在蒸散量及气温的变化趋势,重点对"蒸发悖论"在黑河流域的规律进行分析.结果表明:根据潜在蒸散量的旋转经验正交函数分区结果,黑河流域可以划分为4个子区."蒸发悖论"仅于1960-1993年存在于黑河流域河西走廊区(Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区);其它各区无"蒸发悖论".1994-2010年由于潜在蒸散量的显著上升,河西走廊区"蒸发悖论"消失.1993年是黑河流域潜在蒸散量变化趋势的一个转折点,1994-2010年黑河流域的潜在蒸散量表现为统计显著的上升趋势.风速的变化是影响黑河流域河西走廊区"蒸发悖论"出现和消失的重要因素.