Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan＇s Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan＇s walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests＇ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population＇s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation.     

西安市一次短时强风暴天气过程分析

1997年7月28日西安市发生一次强风暴天气过程，分析发现这次过程主要受秦岭山脉地形、地面弱冷空气南下和副高增强西进的共同影响而造成；强风暴发生在地面“人”字形辐合线交点处；由多单体雷暴演变成超级单体雷暴，在雷达回波中呈“S”型。秦岭山脉北侧边缘的对流活动是此类天气前期的一个明显征兆。     

把脉炎陵地质灾害防治

正湖南株洲炎陵县地处湘东南边陲、罗霄山脉中段、井冈山西麓,全县总面积2030平方公里,辖6镇9乡(其中瑶族乡1个)1农场(大院农场),人口20万。湖南第一高峰——酃峰(又名神农峰)就坐落在炎陵县境内,县内仅千米以上高山就有746座,山地面积占86.9%,耕地及耕地后备资源相当缺乏,素有"八分半山一分田,半分水路和庄园"之称。全县森林覆盖率达83.5%,是中国十佳绿色城市、中国绿色名县。境内有国家级自然保护区、国家级森林公园——神农谷,区内空气负氧离子含量居亚洲第一,被誉为"天然氧吧"。     

更正

世界上最早的地图是刻在一块陶片上的古代巴比伦地图，图上绘有山脉、4个城市和流入海洋的河流。陶片是从巴比伦城北320千米处的加尔古城发掘出来的。据考古研究，陶片距今已有4400多年历史。     

阶梯形山脉模式地形η坐标系嵌套细网格模式的试验研究和准业务化系统的建立

阶梯形山脉模式地形η坐标系嵌套细网格模式的试验研究和准业务化系统的建立膝家谟，何光碧，肖玉华，仇理（四川省气象局６１００７２）关键词：阶梯形山脉，η坐标系，细网格模式，准业务化系统１引言本项研究成果是国家“八五”科技攻关８５—９０６项目中“９坐标系和...     

俄罗斯的银储量、产量和用量

俄罗斯98％的单一银矿石储量赋存于鄂霍次克-楚科奇和东锡霍特山脉火山带内。含银的综合性矿床具有重要工业意义，因为俄罗斯约有3/4的银产自这类矿床。主要银储量含于铜、多金属和铜—镍综合性矿床中。从综合性矿床矿石中实际上只回收了呈细分散状含于矿石矿物中的那一部分银。     

“全国推覆构造及区域构造学术研讨会”在宁召开

在著名的<宁镇山脉地质>发表50周年之际,来自全国的地质、冶金、煤炭、石油、地震、有色金属、建材、核工业部、中国科学院及有关大专院校等六十余个部门的180余人,云集南京,参加了于1985年10月18—25日,由中国地质学会构造地质专业委员会,地质力学专业委员会、中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会与中国石油学会地质专业委员会联合召开的“全国推覆构造及区域构造研究会”。     

Structural setting of the Apennine－Maghrebian thrust belt

The Apennine-Maghrebian fold-and-thrust belt devel-oped from the latest Cretaceous to Early Pleistocene at the subduction-collisional boundary between the Euro-pean and the westward-subducted Ionian and Adria plates. Large parts of the Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere were subducted during an Alpine phase from the Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene. The chain developed through the deformation of major paleogeographic internal domains (tectono-sedimentary sequences of the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean) and external domains (sedi-mentary sequences derived from the deformation of the continental Adria-African passive mareinL The continu-ity of the Apennine chain is abruptly interrupted in the Calabrian Arc by the extensive klippe of Kabylo-Calabrian crystalline exotic terranes, derived from deformation of the European passive margin.Major complexities (sharp deflections in the arcuate configuration of the thrust belt, out-of-sequence propagation of the thrusts) are referred to contrasting rheology and differential buoyancy of the subducted lithosphere (transitional from conti-nental to oceanic) and consequent differential roll-back of the Adria plate margin, and to competence contrasts in the Mesozoic stratigraphic sequences,where multiple d&#233;collement horizons at different stratigraphic levels may have favored significant differential shortening.From the Late Miocene, the geometry of the thrust belt was strongly modified by extensional fault-ing, volcanic activity, crustal thinning and formation of oceanic crust correlated with the development of the Tyrrhenian Basin.     

豫西北太行山奥陶系露头区裂缝发育特征及主控因素

在总结前人研究资料和实地观测豫西北太行山奥陶系5处露头区的基础上,运用地质统计学与构造应力场分析的方法,对豫西北太行山奥陶系露头区裂缝发育特征及其主控因素进行了研究。结果表明：研究区以高角度裂缝为主,可分为北北西、北西西、北北东和北东东向4组,裂缝切深变化较大,野外可见的切深多为0.15～1.4 m,裂缝线密度为1～10条/m,裂缝张开度一般介于0.1～3 cm之间;裂缝充填程度包括未充填、半充填和全充填3种,以未充填裂缝为主,半充填和全充填裂缝次之;裂缝充填物以方解石为主,灰泥质充填和铁质充填次之。通过对研究区裂缝主控因素和成因机制分析,认为其主要形成于古近纪、中新世、上新世至更新世早期、中更新世以来4个时期;构造作用、岩性和岩层厚度是影响其发育的最主要因素,其中构造作用对裂缝的倾向、倾角、张开度、切深、充填状况等影响较大,岩性及层厚与裂缝线密度关系密切,岩层内白云质含量愈高裂缝越发育,且裂缝线密度平均值与岩层厚度平均值具有良好线性关系。