沙尘影响下海雾过程气溶胶和雾水组分特征

对2010年3月广东湛江东海岛海雾外场观测试验中获得的雾水样本和气溶胶资料进行分析,研究了海雾中气溶胶和雾水组分的特性以及沙尘过程对其演变的影响。结果表明：东海岛的气溶胶数浓度比内陆城市低1个数量级,环境相对清洁,其早晚的峰值明显,午后存在一个低值。气溶胶谱呈单峰分布,峰值半径为0.02~0.1 μm。雾日的气溶胶数浓度明显低于非雾日,最大值分别集中在0.05~0.1 μm和0.1~0.5 μm。雾过程开始后气溶胶数密度下降,尤其是小粒子端数密度减少显著;雾过程结束后气溶胶数密度会恢复到正常数值。受沙尘影响的过程中雾水中Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺明显增加,气溶胶粒子谱拓宽,直径大于1μm的气溶胶数密度高于其他雾过程;沙尘过境后气溶胶谱变窄,数密度显著减少,离子浓度较低。     

预估PM2.5的变化

人类赖以生存的大气环境受到人类燃烧化石燃料和汽车尾气排放等人为活动的影响,其中大气中直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物(particulate matter)被称为PM2.5,由于其来源多样,生成理化过程复杂,有的PM2.5可能会因为带有毒性而引起人们的重视。全球对PM2.5的长期观测记录较少,近些年美国宇航局转发了加拿大两位科学家的研究,他们根据美国宇航局的卫星资料反演得到2001—2006年平均全球PM2.5浓度分布(图1),从图中可以看到,从中国东部到非洲北部撒哈拉沙漠是PM2.5的大值区,即包括中国东部和西北地区、印度半岛、阿拉伯半岛和非洲北部撒哈拉沙漠是PM2.5浓度大值区。这一反演结果虽然为我们提供了一个较好的参考,但是     

四川阿坝土壤与空气中氡气浓度及分布调查

采用IED-3000R轻便型测氡仪,对四川阿坝地区土壤、空气中的氡气浓度开展初步调查。结果表明：(1)测区空气中氡气浓度较高,均在平均值185 Bq/m3附近;(2)所测得土壤的氡气浓度范围为2 736～93 486 Bq/m3,平均值为26 021 Bq/m3,远远高于全国城市土壤中氡气浓度7 300 Bq/m3的平均值,同时在156个土壤氡气浓度被测点中共有91个测点氡气浓度值超过20 000 Bq/m3,而按照国家标准,对于民用建筑工程土壤中氡气浓度超过20 000 Bq/m3要进行不同程度的防氡工程;(3)地质环境、土壤松散度、岩土性质、土壤含水率为影响阿坝地区土壤氡气浓度的主要因素。     

南海海泥中甲烷水合物生成特性的实验研究

在定容条件下,实验研究了甲烷水合物在含水量不同的多孔海泥中的生成特性。所使用的海泥平均孔径为12178 nm,总孔容为4997×10-2 ml/g,比表面积为16412 m2/g。所用海泥样品含水量为40%,实验的温度范围为27415~28115 K,初始生成压力范围为102~144 MPa。实验结果表明,甲烷水合物在海泥中的生成速率以及气体消耗量随着初始压力的增加而增大,随着温度的降低而增大。海泥的复杂孔隙结构能够促进水合物的成核,但会降低水的最终转化率,其作用随着温度的升高与压力的降低而增大。     

论川东北地区发现的高密度甲烷包裹体类型与油裂解气和页岩气勘探评价

据甲烷包裹体的产出特征和显微激光拉曼分析研究,近年来在川东北地区先后发现了多种类型的高密度甲烷包裹体,揭示了油气藏和石油包裹体的高温热演化作用的重要信息：普光气田三叠系碳酸盐和碎屑岩储层中含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体分别反映了早期油藏阶段矿物捕获的石油包裹体经后期高温极端裂解的成因;普光5井碳酸盐储层中含H2S而不含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体,反映了古油藏高温裂解阶段新生方解石捕获了储层中富含CH4也有“TSR”成因的H2S流体的信息;五科一井下志留统黑色硅质岩石英中发现的高密度甲烷包裹体和少量含轻烃包裹体,反映了本区富有机质的下志留统高演化程度的黑色页岩在地质历史中存在高压甲烷和轻烃产出的证据。以上各种高密度甲烷包裹体成因机理和形成的高温度高压力条件,为川东北地区古油藏裂解气和志留系“页岩气”的勘探评价提供了科学依据。     

Responses in growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of four oleaginous microalgae to different nitrogen sources and concentrations

Nitrogen deficiency is an effective strategy for enhancing lipid production in microalgae. Close relationships exist among lipid production, microalgal species, and nitrogen sources. We report growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition in four microalgae （Chloroeoccum ellipsoideum UTEX972, Chlorococcum nivale LB2225, Chlorococcum tatrense UTEX2227, and Scenedesmus deserticola JNU19） under nitrate- and urea-nitrogen deficiencies. We found three patterns of response to nitrogen deficiency： Type-A （decrease in biomass and increase in lipid content）, Type-B （reduction in both biomass and lipid content）, and Type-C （enhancement of both biomass and lipid content）. Type-C microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale oil production. Chlorococcum ellipsoideum, for example, exhibited a neutral lipid production of up to 239.6 mg/（L＇d） under urea-nitrogen deficiency. In addition, nitrogen deficiency showed only a slight influence on lipid fractions and fatty acid composition. Our study provides useful information for further screening hyper-lipid microalgal strains for biofuel production.     

Lagged response of phytoplanktonic photosynthetic competence to variation of nitrogen concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Fluorescence-based maximal photochemical efficiency, Fv/Fm, is widely used as an indicator to photosynthetic competence in marine systems. It has been considered a useful parameter diagnosing the nutrient stress on phytoplankton photosynthesis, but many studies argue its usefulness. In the present study, we try to find a temporal relationship between Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration, and provide a possible explanation on the controversy. We continuously measured Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration once every 10 days from September 2003 to March 2004 at two stations in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China. It was found that Fv/ffm did not significantly correlate to synchronous nitrogen concentration, but the variation （i.e. the change between two adjacent cruises） of nitrogen concentration of the previous cruise and the variation ofFv/Fm of the current cruise were strongly correlated. This result indicates that a time lag exists between the variation of nutrient status and the subsequent Fv/Fm response. Length of the time lag seems just matched the interval of our measurements （10 days）. In the field, direct dependence of Fv/Fm on nitrogen concentration may not be found because of the lagged response of Fv/Fm to nitrogen concentration variations or physiological acclimation. Our results provide a possible way to explain the previously reported conflicting results on the relationship between Fv/Fm and nutrient status. To give a more-accurate estimate about the length of the time lag, an investigation that includes more frequent measurements is needed.     

亚热带人工湿地松林土壤溶解性有机碳动态变化及控制因素

土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）是土壤有机碳库的活性组分,联接陆地和水生生态系统。DOC的降解影响碳循环、营养动力学机制和微生物的能源供给,因此改变生物地球化学过程。本研究对千烟洲森林试验站（QFES）土壤溶解性有机碳浓度垂直剖面和季节的变化及其控制因子,包括土壤性质和环境因素进行分析。2007年11月至2009年3月每两个月、2009年4月至2010年103每月,分别在土壤10、20、30cm深度和10、30、50cm深度,采用机械式真空取样装置共收集了土壤溶液样品。用总碳分析仪（TOC）测定DOC浓度,DOC浓度平均值范围为3．0-26．2mgL^-1。在土壤剖面10、20、30、50cm深度DOC浓度平均值（±标准差）分别为12．4±4．4、10．6±6．3、8．7±2．6及8．0±5．9mgL^-1。DOC季节平均浓度和春李DOC浓度平均值具有明显的随深度增加而降低的特征。而在夏季、秋季和冬季,DOC浓度在土壤剖面上的变化不具有明显的特征。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季DOC浓度平均值分别为10．2、10．5、10．8和8．3mg^L1,不同深度DOC浓度的季节变化没有一致的特征。分析表明,凋落物有机碳含量与DOC浓度之间无明显相关关系,SOC与DOC含量具有相同的土壤剖面变化特征,SOC与DOC之间具线性正相关关系（R^2=0．19,p〈0．01）,表明SOC是DOC的主要来源之一。在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度和5cm土壤温度间具有指数正相关关系（R^2=0．12,p〈0．01）。在湿地松土壤剖面,DOC浓度与土壤湿度具负线性相关关系（R^=0．15,p〈0．001）,在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度DOC浓度和5cm土壤湿度之间具有负指数相关关系（R^2=0．13,p〈0．001）。取样月降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度不相关。然而,对取样前不同时间降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度的分析表明,取样前降雨事件的时间对不同深度的DOC季节平均浓度有不同的影响。通过分析揭示了SOC和环境变量土壤温度、土壤湿度和降雨是DOC的控制因子。本研究以人工湿地松林碳循环中DOC动力机制为重点,为评价亚热带红壤区生态恢复的效果提供依据。     

The distribution and variability of simulated chlorophyll concentration over the tropical Indian Ocean from five CMIP5 models

Performances of 5 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in simulating the chlorophyll concentration over the tropical Indian Ocean are evaluated. Results show that these models are able to capture the dominant spatial distribution of observed chlorophyll concentration and reproduce the maximum chlorophyll concentration over the western part of the Arabian Sea, around the tip of the Indian subcontinent, and in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean. The seasonal evolution of chlorophyll concentration over these regions is also reproduced with significant amplitude diversity among models. All of 5 models is able to simulate the interannual variability of chlorophyll concentration. The maximum interannual variation occurs at the same regions where the maximum climatological chlorophyll concentration is located. Further analysis also reveals that the Indian Ocean Dipole events have great impact on chlorophyll concentration in the tropical Indian Ocean. In the general successful simulation of chlorophyll concentration, most of the CMIP5 models present higher than normal chlorophyll concentration in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.     

长江口最大浑浊带悬沙浓度变化趋势及成因

基于长江河口1959-2011 年实测悬沙浓度数据,通过对河口最大浑浊带外围海域泥沙要素分析的基础上,研究了近期流域人类活动和河口整治工程对最大浑浊带悬沙浓度的影响。研究表明:① 流域人类活动对入海水量影响较小,无明显趋势变化,而沙量和含沙量呈现锐减趋势,也使得进入河口区域的泥沙量呈现一致锐减;② 长江口外海域和南部杭州湾海域悬沙浓度变化不大,北部苏北沿岸略有减小,因数值较长江口海滨区小约1 个数量级,对浑浊带影响较小;③ 最大浑浊带位置受径流和潮流控制,面积变化与入海沙量多寡关系密切;④ 整个浑浊带区域悬沙浓度受入海沙量锐减决定,2000-2009 年较1959-1999 年悬沙浓度减小约为24.73%,向海延伸减幅降低,且峰值区域向口内移动,泥沙再悬浮作用对维持最大浑浊带悬沙浓度起调节作用,但不能决定其锐减趋势;⑤ 北槽航槽最大浑浊带的悬沙浓度向海为低—高—低变化特点,受入海沙量锐减、北槽分流分沙比减少及床沙粗化等影响,使其上段和下段悬沙浓度减小趋势,而中段受南导堤越堤沙量的影响悬沙浓度呈增加趋势。