矿山地质环境影响评估及方法研究

本文主要叙述了环境影响评估的目的任务、评估思路、工作方法以及矿山环境生态恢复治理等。使矿山地质环境影响工作与矿山地质环境保护行政监督管理工作相结合，也使矿山地质环境影响评估变为矿山企业保护环境、防治地质灾害、实施生态恢复与治理，建设“绿色矿山”的自觉行动，促进矿山地质环境保护工作走向科学化、规范化和制度化。     

伊乐藻—草鱼圈养复合生态系统中水生生物的变化和影响

从细菌、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和有机碎屑等几个方面分析了养鱼对伊乐藻种植区(以下简称为有草区)和无草区水域环境的影响。结果表明:两个区域存在着显著的差异性。有草区由于生长着茂密的水生植被,对环境压迫的缓冲能力增强,水生生物的群落结构较为稳定,物种多样性指数高于无草区,有机物的沉降速率也大大低于无草区。与此相比,无草区对环境压迫的缓冲能力较差,水体浮游植物数量增加,富营养化加剧。通过本项实验可以看出,人工种植伊乐藻对养鱼区水质有着明显地控制作用,是发展生态渔业的一条有效途径。     

中国自然保护地旅游产品类型及其特征

我国正在建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,明确国内保护地旅游产品类型及其特征具有重要意义。建立中国自然保护地旅游产品索引文献库,挖掘各类保护地旅游活动的数据资料,提取中国自然保护地旅游产品开发的两个基本理念,并基于到访规模和环境影响大小,构建中国自然保护地旅游产品的类型体系。结果显示:(1)中国自然保护地旅游产品可归为科考探险、健康休养、自然教育等6种类型,不同类型产品有其特征;(2)中国保护地旅游产品分类应与一般旅游产品或西方产品相区别,需考虑产品对生态环境的影响、难度系数和保护地内及周边的文化和社区条件;(3)生态旅游和低碳旅游是指导保护地旅游发展的主要理念。     

柞水银铅矿地表径流沉积物中污染物相态分析

采自柞水银铅矿地表径流６个沉积物样品,用连续提取法提取了金属元素的５种化学相态（可交换相、碳酸盐相,铁锰氧化物结合相,有机质－硫化物结合相及残渣相）,测定了各相中铜铅锌含量,分析了其分布特征。结果表明,在河流沉积物中,铜主要以残渣相和有机质相存在,铅、锌主要为铁锰水合氧化物相和碳酸盐相。在此基础上,对矿山开采中环境影响进行了讨论。     

二叠纪-三叠纪之交双壳类的灭绝与复苏过程

为了建立早-中三叠世双壳类的残存-复苏模式及深入探讨双壳类迟缓复苏的原因,对全球范围内该时期双壳类属的 时限分布进行了统计.总体来看,3个亚纲(Pteriomorphia、Palaeotaxodont和Heteroconchia亚纲)和5种生活方式(外栖活动 类、外栖固着类、半内栖类、内栖浅掘穴类和内栖深掘穴类)的双壳类均展示出了一致的规律,属级分异度直到中三叠世Anisian 期才恢复到晚二叠世末生物大灭绝之前的水平.二叠纪残存类型在早-中三叠世双壳类中所占的比例逐步降低,从占过 渡层的77.3%降低到了中三叠世Anisian期的33.7%,指示双壳类的缓慢复苏过程.而在整个早三叠世的漫长复苏期中,双壳 类仅遭受背景灭绝,表明双壳类的迟缓复苏受限于长时期的高压环境,随着海洋环境的逐步好转,才逐渐出现新的类型.      

二氧化碳的海洋封存

引言 海洋封存二氧化碳,是控制化石燃料燃烧导致气候变化的有效手段。本报告阐明了二氧化碳海洋封存的基本原理,简要叙述了有关二氧化碳海洋封存的科学领域,以及论述了二氧化碳海洋封存的环境影响。本报告也描述了在利用海洋封存限制大气二氧化碳浓度上升前需要进一步开展的研究。     

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath