武汉市城市湖泊湿地维管束植物物种组成与生态特征分析

在武汉市主城区及近郊26个典型城市湖泊湿地植物物种和群落类型调查的基础上,对湖泊湿地维管束植物组成、地理成分和生态适应特征等进行了分析.结果表明,武汉市城市湖泊湿地植物资源丰富,本次共记录到维管束植物361种(含变种和变型),分属于82科231属,其中被子植物是主要类型;武汉市湖泊湿地维管束植物地理成分复杂,兼有地带性、隐域性和起源上古老性的特点,但特有属、种匮乏,其中蕨类植物表现出明显的隐域性特征;种子植物分属于14种地理分布类型,世界分布、泛热带分布和北温带分布3种地理分布类型所占比例较大,表现出明显的亚热带湿地植物区系特征.同时,湿地植物生活型以草本植物为主,一年生和多年生草本分别占总种数的37.4%和32.7%.在所有水分生态适应型中,中生植物的种类最多,共164种,占总种数的45.4%,反映出武汉市湖泊湿地维管束植物群落逐渐向中生植物群落演替.     

变害为宝——利用水藻生产“绿色原油”

<正>近几年来,我国几个重要湖泊水库,如太湖、巢湖、滇池、三峡库区支流相继不同程度地暴发过蓝藻水华污染,湖泊生态环境成为全社会关注的焦点。人们在对饮用水遭到严重污染感到担忧之外,也对藻类这种低级水生生物的治理和利用进行着思考。海洋中约有4000余种浮游藻类,有330多种浮游生物能形成赤潮,有70种能产生毒素,可通过鱼或贝类等食物链对人类造成毒害,使人类     

XRF岩芯扫描分析方法及其在湖泊沉积研究中的应用

XRF岩芯扫描分析方法在海洋和湖泊沉积环境变化方面的应用研究,已取得了显著的成果,但在国内尚未见到研究成果的报道。XRF岩芯扫描分析方法具有快速、无破坏性、连续测试元素和对样品制备要求不高等特点,在获取高分辨环境记录方面更具独特的优势。因此,这一分析方法具有极好的应用前景,它能提高分析的准确性和精确度,加强高分辨率湖泊沉积与环境演变的整体性研究,促进环境指标的综合运用与定量化研究。从介绍XRF岩芯扫描分析方法的原理、特点、影响因素、分析结果的校正入手,进而分析该测试方法的应用现状与远景。     

基于MODIS影像的西藏羊卓雍湖面积变化与成因分析

分析2002~2009年MODIS卫星数据和2000~2009年气象数据分析可得:西藏羊卓雍湖面积在近8年呈显著减小趋势,8年内面积减小了96.61km2;湖泊所在的浪卡子气象站气温、地表温度呈升高趋势,降水量、相对湿度呈减少趋势。在降水量减少、气温升高的情况下由于降水量减少的幅度要远大于蒸发量的减少,是2000~2009年内湖泊面积下降的主要原因之一;本研究也证明了MODIS资料可以作为研究湖泊面积变化的补充数据源。      

内蒙古河套平原塔尔湖地区湖泊成因

内蒙古五原县塔尔湖地区发育一系列湖泊,与当地干旱气候形成鲜明的对比,湖泊成因机制对河套地区第四纪水文地质、气候环境研究具有重要意义。对色尔腾山山前—塔尔湖湖泊—黄河沿线不同水体样品进行水化学测试后,利用Gibbs模型投影显示湖泊采样点主要落在蒸发-浓缩端元和岩石风化端元的过渡带,而远离大气降水作用带,地下水更靠近岩石风化端元,说明湖泊接受地下水补给,蒸发强烈;Piper三线图显示山前泉水以HCO3—Ca型为主,河套平原地下水以HCO3—Na、Cl—Na型为主,黄河水为HCO3—Na型,湖泊以Cl—Na型为主,说明塔尔湖地区地下水与湖泊存在水力联系,HCO3—Na型地下水经过蒸发浓缩作用转变成了盐度更高的Cl—Na型湖泊,导致盐分的聚集;地下水可溶性固体总量(TDS)自北向南由262 mg/l快速增加至2 296 mg/l,而湖泊TDS先升后降,最后小于地下水TDS,最大值在塔尔湖地区北部,为1 213 mg/l,说明湖泊还受现代黄河补给,地下水TDS变化满足山前—盆地的水文地质模型。塔尔湖地区的湖泊既可以发育于古河床亚相也可以发育于堤坝亚相,且湖泊呈零星分布,与古河道形成的牛轭湖特征不吻合,从而基本排除湖泊为古黄河残留的可能;潜水面之上的河流相沉积物由于风蚀作用被切穿,导致地下水出露,补给湖泊,从而推断塔尔湖地区湖泊主要为风蚀湖。     

云南星云湖沉积物植硅体记录的近代环境变化

为探讨气候变化与人类活动对湖泊环境影响,在云南星云湖水深8.2m处采集1支85cm长的柱状沉积岩心,对沉积岩心中的植硅体分析结果表明,植硅体种类丰富,呈有规律变化,其组合揭示了近160a以来星云湖地区环境演变过程。植物种类之间存在不同的比例关系,而且留下了人为扰动的明显印记。在整个沉积物柱的植硅体组合中,松等大型乔木始终占有很高的比例,而且越到上部比例越大,除了受滇中地区气候地理因素的影响外,可能还有人为的原因。星云湖地区近160a来的气候有明显的波动,由温凉湿润到湿热再到温热的趋势,在20世纪20年代与40年代是高温期,而40年代是最湿热的,这与传统中提到的80年代温室效应说法不相吻合。     

关于巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成机制的初步看法

巴丹吉林沙漠以湖泊众多和沙山高大而闻名于世.到目前为止, 关于湖泊和沙山的成因问题尚存在不同的观点.实际上, 巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊和沙山的形成与该地区地下水的循环交替问题直接相关.参照前人研究成果, 结合开展的巴丹吉林沙漠水文地质调查, 探讨了湖泊和沙山的形成问题, 初步认为巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊主要接受来自东部雅布赖山区区域地下水侧向补给和沙山地下水补给而形成; 高大沙山的形成与降水和地下水关系密切; 高大沙山与湖泊的形成和共存关系是先有沙山, 而后才形成湖泊, 沙山是形成巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊的必备条件.      

Improvement of glacial lakes detection under shadow environment using ASTER data in Himalayas, Nepal

The detection of glacial lake change in the Himalayas, Nepal is extremely significant since the glacial lake change is one of the crucial indicators of global climate change in this area, where is the most sensitive area of the global climate changes. In the Himalayas, some of glacial lakes are covered by the dark mountains′ shadow because of their location. Therefore, these lakes can not be detected by conventional method such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), because the reflectance feature of shadowed glacial lake is different comparing to the ones which are located in the open flat area. The shadow causes two major problems: 1) glacial lakes which are covered by shadow completely result in underestimation of the number of glacial lakes; 2) glacial lakes which are partly identified are considered to undervalue the area of glacial lakes. The aim of this study is to develop a new model, named Detection of Shadowed Glacial Lakes (DSGL) model, to identify glacial lakes under the shadow environment by using Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data in the Himalayas, Nepal. The DSGL model is based on integration of two different modifications of NDWI, namely NDWIs model and NDWI she model. NDWIs is defined as integration of the NDWI and slope analysis and used for detecting non-shadowed lake in the mountain area. The NDWIshe is proposed as a new methodology to overcome the weakness of NDWIs on identifying shadowed lakes in highly elevated mountainous area such as the Himalayas. The first step of the NDWIshe is to enhance the data from ASTER 1B using the histogram equalization (HE) method, and its outcome product is named ASTER he . We used the ASTER he for calculating the NDWI he and the NDWIshe . Integrated with terrain analysis using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, the NDWI she can be used to identify the shadowed glacial lakes in the Himalayas. NDWIs value of 0.41 is used to identify the glacier lake (NDWIs≥0.41), and 0.3 of NDWIshe is used to identify the shadowed glacier lake (NDWIshe≤0.3). The DSGL model was proved to be able to classify the glacial lakes more accurately, while the NDWI model had tendency to underestimate the presence of actual glacial lakes. Correct classification rate regarding the products from NDWI model and DSGL model were 57% and 99%, respectively. The results of this paper demonstrated that the DSGL model is promising to detect glacial lakes in the shadowed environment at high mountains.     

近40 年可可西里地区湖泊时空变化特征

以可可西里地区1970s 地形图和1990s、2000-2011 年Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像为基础,通过数字化和影像解译获取研究区83 个面积大于10 km²湖泊变化数据,并对湖泊变化成因进行了分析。研究结果表明:1) 1970s 初期至2011 年,可可西里地区湖泊经历了“先萎缩后扩张”的变化过程,其中1970s-1990s 期间湖泊面积普遍减小,1990s-2000 年湖泊出现扩张,并在2000 年恢复到1970s 湖泊规模,2000 年之后湖泊面积急剧增大。2) 2000-2011 年间,可可西里地区不同规模等级湖泊整体呈扩张趋势,但表现出一定的区域差异性。面积呈增加趋势的湖泊数量最多,亦分布最广,一些湖泊由于扩张迅速出现湖泊合并或湖水外泄情况;面积呈减少趋势或波动起伏的湖泊数量较少,零散分布在研究区中部和南部,湖泊动态变化与其自身补给条件或与下游湖泊(河道) 存在水力联系有关。3) 在研究时段内,降水增多、蒸发减少是可可西里地区湖泊扩大的主要原因,而气候变暖引起的冰川融水增加、冻土水分释放是次要原因。     

The response of lake-glacier variations to climate change in Nam Co Catchment,central Tibetan Plateau,during 1970–2000

Based upon the 1970 aero-photo topographic map, and TM/ETM satellite images taken in 1991 and 2000, the authors artificially interpreted boundaries of lake and glaciers in Nam Co Catchment, and quantified lake-glacier area variations in different stages by ＂integrated method＂ with the support of GIS. Results show that from 1970 to 2000, lake area increased from 1942.34 km^2 to 1979.79 km^2 at a rate of 1.27 km^2/a, while glacier area decreased from 167.62 km^2 to 141.88 km^2 at a rate of 0.86 km^2/a. The increasing rate of lake in 1991-2000 was 1.76 km^2/a that was faster than 1.03 km^2/a in 1970-1991, while in the same period of time, the shrinking rates of glaciers were 0.97 km^2/a and 0.80 km^2/a respectively. Important factors, relevant to lake and glacier response to the climate, such as air temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and their values in warm and cold seasons, were discussed. The result suggests that temperature increasing is the main reason for the accelerated melting of glaciers. Lake expansion is mainly induced by the increase of the glacier melting water, increase of precipitation and obvious decrease of potential evapotranspiration. Precipitation, evaporation and their linkages with lake enlargement on regional scale need to be thoroughly studied under the background of global warming and glacier retreating.