黄河三角洲敏感性评价

在全球气候变化亚太网络的资助下,由澳大利亚科学家监督委员会环境科学研究所和湿地国际组织主持和参加的“亚太地区重要湿地敏感性评价”之成果“黄河三角洲敏感性评价”日前已完成。该项目主要是通过对黄河三角洲地区沿海湿地遭受气候变化导致海平面上     

黄河中游小流域坡沟侵蚀关系研究

根据坡面水下沟时在沟坡（道）上“净产沙增量”的概念,探讨了沿程含沙水流侵蚀特性的变化和坡沟侵蚀关系及产沙机理,并采用成因分析法定量确定了典型小流域的泥沙来源。     

乔木侧根对土体的斜向牵引效应Ⅱ野外直测

根据乔木侧根对土体的斜向率引效应原理和数学模型,以云南松林为例,进行了野外直接剪土测试。结果表明,在表层根际土中（０￣２０ｃｍ）松树侧根能在相同的垂直截面上平均提供５７７．２３Ｎ的斜向牵拉力,使根际土层的抗滑力提高了３８．７８％,把根际土层的抗张强度提高了５．７７ｋＰａ。同时发同,侧根牵引效应的量值随根生物量大小的影响,两者具有正相关关系。     

Numerical simulation of tidal current and erosion and sedimentation in the Yangshan deep-water harbor of Shanghai

Yangshan near-shore sea area is the multi-island and multi-channel area with strong flow velocity and high suspended sediment concentration. Based on the characteristics of tidal currents, waves, and sediment in the Yangshan area, a two-dimensional numerical model of tidal currents, sediment transport, and sea bed deformation is developed. In the model, the effects of tidal currents and wind waves on sediment transport are considered. According to characteristics of the study area, unstructured grids are applied to fit the boundaries of the near-shore sea area. The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the measured data. The field of tidal currents, suspended sediment concentrations, and the deformation of the seabed can be successfully simulated.     

Suspended load in flows on erodible bed

Steady state suspended-load of sediment transported in flow over erodible beds usually is treated by the advection-diffusion approach, though in recent years, it is being treated as a two-phase flow phenomenon incorporating kinetics of sediment particles. Among the advection-diffusion approaches, Rouse＇s equation is the well-known, although a number of researchers in later periods have attempted to improve it by modifying the mixing length concept taking into account other aspects. In this paper, the advection-diffusion approach and associated logarithmic law of flow velocity are revisited. It is concluded from the logarithmic law that the Reynolds shear stress is a linear function of height above the bed, which reduces to bed shear stress in the case of a long horizontal channel. As a consequence, it is shown that the volumetric concentration of sediment is best approximated by the sum of two power laws of height above the bed. An equation is derived for the suspended-load transport rate in terms of elementary functions.     

临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间的关系

应用粗糙边界层中阻力分解规律的研究成果,建立了描写临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间关系的数学模型。该模型给出：地表土壤的临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间呈指数依赖关系,即随着植被盖度的增大,临界侵蚀风速呈指数增加。这一理论结果与实验数据符合良好。在此基础上,定义了理想盖度和警戒线盖度两个概念,并给出了它们在评价环境良好程度和环境破坏程度方面的指示意义。     

岩石时效损伤模型及其在工程爆破中应用

为了实现爆破智能化,降低爆破带来的负面影响,通过数值模拟预估出岩体中爆破诱发损伤的大小以及分布范围在工程上具有重要意义,其中科学合理的爆破损伤模型是关键。基于岩石介质是连续的、各向同性的、且存在初始裂纹的假设,把考虑时效的岩石拉裂损伤演化方程和双线形弹塑性本构结合起来,通过用户自定义简明地嵌入到大型LS-DYNA软件中,并引入了该软件中的侵蚀算法,对半无限岩体中临空面附近爆破漏斗问题进行了重点数值模拟,计算结果比较接近实际。本文方法在工程中将具有一定的参考价值。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面径流侵蚀产沙过程的环境解释

应用数量分类(TWINSPAN)和排序(DCCA)方法对陕北吴起县典型坡面侵蚀产沙过程进行了环境解释。结果表明：环境因子对土样侵蚀产沙量的解释量达83%,其中DCCA排序轴前4轴的解释量占总排序轴解释量的69%,且分别与坡位、土壤质量、海拔、干根重显著相关。坡面径流侵蚀产沙量随冲刷时间呈波浪式变化,环境因子对侵蚀产沙过程影响甚微。坡面径流侵蚀产沙量按地形部位表现为梁峁顶<梁峁坡<沟坡<沟底,按地类则表现为灌木林<针阔混交林<针叶纯林<阔叶纯林。     

湖南张家界溹水河谷与流域形态特征及其地貌意义

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据、地形图、地质图数据结合实地踏勘,分析并计算了张家界地貌主要分布区溹水流域河谷形态特征和侵蚀积分值(HI),探讨了流域地貌侵蚀发育阶段特征。研究发现:溹水干流比降沿程基本上逐渐减小,纵剖面呈上凹形,凹度值约为0.70;主要支流比降明显大于干流,凹度值介于0.12～0.98;溹水干流河谷宽度和宽深比沿程向下表现出上升趋势、深度表现出下降趋势;溹水河谷横剖面凹度值上游较低,中游较高,近河口又降低,平均值约为0.63,都大于0.5;上中游主要支流河谷相对窄深,下游支流河谷相对宽浅;支流河谷横剖面的凹度值变化范围较大,平均值大于0.50。说明这一地区在地壳迅速抬升之间有较长时间地壳相对稳定,横向侵蚀形成一定宽度的河漫滩,河谷为U型谷,地貌发育处于壮年期或壮年期的中晚期。河谷侧蚀,河谷凹度值大于0.5,是张家界地貌独立峰柱得以形成的重要条件;溹水流域上游下段和中游HI值较高,下游HI值较低,最高值出现在天子山周围;没有发现地势和基岩特性对溹水流域HI值分布存在显著影响;张家界砂岩峰林地貌发育地区集中于溹水上游下段和中游上段的泥盆系砂岩分布区,这一地区HI平均值为0.46,处于地貌侵蚀旋回的壮年期。     

Characteristics of rainfall erosivity based on tropical rainfall measuring mission data in Tibet, China

Rainfall erosivity in Tibet from 2000 to 2OlO was estimated based on simplified erosion prediction model using daily rainfall data derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Misssion （TRMM） 3B42 rainfall measurement algorithm. Semi- monthly erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity were validated using weather station data. The spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity as well as its seasonal and annual variation in Tibet was also examined. Results showed that TRMM 3B42 data could serve as an alternative data source to estimate rainfall erosivity in the area where only data from sparsely distributed weather stations are available. The spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in Tibet generally resembles the distribution of multi-year average of annual rainfall. Annual rainfall erosivity in Tibet decreased from the southeast to the northwest. The concentration degree of rainfall erosivity shows an increasing trend from the southeast to the northwest. High rainfall erosivity accompanies low rainfall erosivity concentration degree and vice versa. Rainfall erosivity increased in the middle and western Tibet and decreased in the southeastern Tibet during the 11 years of this study.