COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF RIVER SEDIMENTATION AND MORPHOLOGY - A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART

In this paper, the state-of-the-art computational simulation technologies for river sedimentation and morphology are comprehensively reviewed. Emphasis is on computational modelling, which includes mathematical modelling equations and closures, numerical solution methods, verification and validation, model integration, and applications. Several important areas of future research are recommended.     

DYNAMIC RESOURCES OF RIVER SEDIMENTS

The currently enforced Bulgarian water legislation [the Water Act (1999), the Environmental Protection Act (2002), etc.] requires conducting special studies for accurate assessments of sand and gravel flux along the rivers, prior to the issue of the license for operation of the quarries, where they will be dredged. The activity of a quarry necessitates special investigations because of the large dimensions of the damages inflicted on the environment. Ours studies have shown that there are two types of river reaches, in which abstraction of sand and gravel is performed. The first one refers usually to the plain area river reaches. The other type is mountainous with high rate of sediment load, which consists of coarse solid matter. The “on-the-spot” study on the environmental impact of the sand and gravel dredging has revealed that in the area of the quarry the riverbed cuts into the alluvial sediments to about 6-7 m and this ditch has spread by attenuation at a distance of more than 25 km upstream. Downstream the pit the picture is replicated and at the 8th km a local scour on the riverbed, amounting to more than 1.80-2.00 m, has been measured near the foundation of a massive bridge in the centre of city of Plovdiv. Such assessments of dynamic resources of sand and gravel materials are expected to serve for the purposes of gradual limitation of this activity in river sections close to renewable resources. The amount of sediment load, which may be abstracted in the area of the Orizare quarry in Bulgaria on a yearly basis has been calculated as 6000 m^3/a. It ensures that the resources will not be exhausted and irreversible distortion of the riverbed will be prevented. This is an environmentally safe limit.     

末次间冰期多旋回气候波动记录:鄂尔多斯萨拉乌苏河流域典型地层剖面研究的新进展

鄂尔多斯高原萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8．5个风成的砂丘砂与河湖相和古土壤交替构成的沉积旋回。通过对该层系磁化率值和CaCO3含量分布规律以及该地生物化石指示的古生态综合分析,认为所述沉积旋回主要是由干湿寒暖气候旋回波动所致。研究表明,米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ层段的磁化率和CaCO3基本上显示峰态,在时间上可依次与氧同位素MIS5a、     

EVALUATION OF RILL AND EPHEMERAL GULLY EROSION IN CULTIVATED AREAS OF NAVARRE （SPAIN）

Although there is much evidence of intense soil erosion in cultivated areas of Navarre （Spain）, scarce information currently is available regarding soil loss rates, the spatial and temporal distribution of erosion, and the factors controlling these processes. Rills and ephemeral gullies are frequently responsible for a high percentage of total soil erosion, and these features can be considered a good approximation for the minimum erosion rates. With the main purpose of determining the annual soil loss rates in cultivated areas of Central Navarre, a detailed assessment of rainfall and rill and gully erosion was made in 19 small watersheds cultivated with winter grains or vineyards. The study period spanned from 1995 to 2001. For cereal watersheds, soil losses were caused by only one or two rainfall events each year. High erosion rates were observed （0.20-11.50 kg/m^2 per year）. In vineyards, soil losses were caused by several rainfall events each year, occurring year round. High erosion rates were observed in these vineyards （0.33 y 16.19 kg/m^2 per year）. No erosion was observed in those cultivated watersheds with no-till practices. It can be concluded that rill and ephemeral gully erosion can be very significant in Mediterranean regions, and much more attention should be paid to the problem.     

河西走廊水资源与生态环境关系分析

河西走廊受地质构造、气候等条件影响,区内水资源形成与演化有特殊规律性,河流出山口进入走廊平原,地表水与地下水相互多次重复转化,流域水资源系统与生态环境存在着密切的关系。自20世纪50年代以来。由于大规模的水土开发和水利工程建设,导致区内水资源空间格局发生重大变化,由此引发了许多生态环境问题。重点分析研究了河西走廊河流—含水层系统的特征,探讨了水与生态环境的关系。在此基础上,提出了水资源合理开发利用和生态环境保护的对策与措施。     

四川攀枝花昔格达组及其下伏河流砾石的地球化学特征以及对物源的制约

位于扬子地块西缘的攀枝花地区昔格达组湖相沉积及其下伏河流相砾石比较发育。湖相沉积具有较高的SiO2含量和Al2O3/SiO2比值,显示其载体沉积物具有较高成熟度,表明经历了长距离的搬运。主元素、稀土(REE)和微量元素分析结果揭示昔格达组湖相沉积物源形成于典型的大陆岛弧构造背景,主要来自松潘-甘孜造山带义敦岛弧花岗岩区。Eu/La?Yb/La判别图与Zr/Y比值进一步证实昔格达组湖相沉积分别来自于金沙江上游及雅砻江上游,说明昔格达古湖形成时金沙江上游已被袭夺。昔格达组下伏河流相砾石REE、微量元素分析结果显示其形成于被动大陆边缘构造背景,说明其是由雅砻江经扬子板块边缘花岗岩区携载而来。昔格达组湖相沉积与其下伏河流相砾石的不同物源特征表明伴随着昔格达古湖的形成,金沙江河流经历了演化史上的巨变。     

利用混沌粒子群算法确定河流水质模型参数

将混沌寻优思想引入到粒子群优化算法中,提出了混沌粒子群算法,这种方法利用混沌运动的随机性、遍历性和规律性等特性对当前粒子群体中的粒子进行混沌寻优。通过这种处理使得粒子群体的进化速度加快,从而改善了粒子群优化算法摆脱局部极值点的能力,提高了算法的收敛速度和精度。并将混沌粒子群算法应用于求解分析瞬时投放示踪剂情况下的一维河流水团示踪试验数据以及确定河流水质参数的函数优化问题,结果表明,混沌粒子群算法的收敛性能明显优于粒子群优化算法。     

河湖滨岸缓冲带净污机理及适宜宽度研究进展

在分析河湖滨岸缓冲带结构特征和定义的基础上,从3个方面阐述河湖滨岸缓冲带净化农业非点源污染物的机理:(1)降低地表径流速度,过滤和拦截颗粒态污染物;(2)植物吸收、土壤吸附溶解态的污染物;(3)促进氮的反硝化作用。论述了河湖滨岸缓冲带适宜宽度的研究进展,认为在我国仅仅从环境的角度对适宜宽度进行研究还远远不够,需要从环境、经济和社会等角度对河湖滨岸缓冲带的适宜宽度进行综合研究。探讨了河湖滨岸植被缓冲带净污机理需要进一步研究的突出问题。     

分布式水文模型DHSVM在西北高寒山区流域的适用性研究

分布式水文-土壤-植被模型（Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model,DHSVM）是基于栅格离散的分布式水文模型,对地表水热循环的各个过程能进行很精细地刻画,被广泛应用于世界各地很多类型的流域的高时空分辨率的水文模拟,然而它在高寒山区的适用性并不清楚。基于300 m数字高程模型,应用DHSVM模型对典型的高寒山区流域八宝河流域2001-2009年的水文过程展开模拟,并采用流域出口祁连站的水文实测数据对模型进行了精度评价。参数敏感性分析表明,土壤横向导水率、田间持水量和植被反照率等是该区域主要的敏感性参数。模型默认参数会高估高寒山区流域的潜在蒸散发量,导致夏季径流量远小于观测值。通过参数率定,模型校准期（2001-2004）的模拟日径流和月径流Nash效率系数分别达到0.72和0.87;而模型验证期（2005-2009）分别为0.60和0.74。结果表明,DHSVM模型基本具备了模拟高寒山区流域降水-径流过程的能力。然而,由于DHSVM模型缺少对高寒山区流域土壤的冻融过程的刻画,春季径流的模拟精度明显受到影响,需要在将来重点改进。     

辽东湾坳陷新近系特-超稠油油藏特征及形成机理

辽东湾坳陷新近系河流相块状特-超稠油油藏模式极其特殊,具有弧形的外含油边界和波状起伏的油水界面,油水关系复杂,出现了大型的油水倒置现象.通过对储层物性和含油性、岩石薄片、流体包裹体荧光观察和饱和烃芳烃色-质谱等资料的研究表明:这种特殊的油藏模式受储层渗透率分布的影响,研究区在垂向上自下而上河道滞留、心滩和河漫滩三种沉积微相以河道形式依次叠置,呈现出旋回性特征;在河漫滩和心滩顶部,以及多期河道滞留沉积微相叠加形成的厚层粗碎屑段,由于较高泥质含量及粗粒碎屑沉积的影响,发育渗透率相对较差的层段,形成不同规模的“物性分隔层”,成为储层含油性和原油地球化学特征规律性变化的边界.