水温变暖对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布的影响

根据影响西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地分布的主导环境因子—海表面温度,基于最大熵模型,利用1996−2005年气候历史数据和两种不同情景（RCP4.5和RCP8.5）下的气候预估数据,分析了1996−2005年、2021−2030年、2051−2060年、2090−2100年主要捕捞月份（7−10月）柔鱼潜在栖息地变化。结果表明,柔鱼渔场纬度方向空间分布呈季节性南北移动;随着未来气候变化,在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下,2021−2030年、2051−2060年、2090−2100年7−10月柔鱼潜在栖息地分布较1996−2005年7−10月均呈现向北极移动趋势,适宜面积增加。推测柔鱼渔场季节性南北移动可能受各月适宜海表面温度范围变化的影响,在RCP4.5情景下,到21世纪末,各月柔鱼潜在最适宜生境向北移动1°～2°,适宜面积增加3%～13%;在RCP8.5情景下,到21世纪末,各月柔鱼潜在最适宜生境向北移动3°～5°,适宜面积增加42%～80%。     

基于最大熵模型模拟西印度洋剑鱼栖息地的时空分布

剑鱼（Xiphias gladius）是一种高度洄游性鱼类,其迁徙和栖息地利用受海洋环境影响明显,理解其空间分布格局形成的机制对于资源的养护和管理具有重要意义。本研究利用2017−2019年中国印度洋延绳钓渔业观察员数据中剑鱼的渔获物信息作为物种出现数据,结合西印度洋海域的海表温度、海面高度、叶绿素a浓度、混合层深度、海表盐度等环境数据,采用最大熵模型对剑鱼的栖息地适宜性分布进行了模拟。结果表明：（1）模型对印度洋西部剑鱼栖息地适宜性分布的模拟精度非常高,各个季节受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积都大于0.9,可用于模拟剑鱼潜在的栖息地适宜性分布;（2）研究区域内剑鱼适宜栖息地分布变化与实际作业位置变动基本一致,干季和湿季剑鱼栖息地高适宜性的区域分布都较为集中,但湿季分布范围要大于干季;（3）海表温度、海表盐度和混合层深度是影响西印度洋剑鱼栖息地适宜性分布的重要环境因子,在干季和湿季的最适范围分别为25.8～31.6℃、34.4～35.9、0.1～24.9 m和25.6～30.5℃、34.8～36.4、13.1～54.1 m。研究结果可为西印度洋海域剑鱼种群的可持续利用和科学管理提供必要参考信息。     

遥感和GIS技术的水禽栖息地适宜性评价中的应用

由于适宜水禽栖息的生境面积不断缩小,致使湿地生态系统受到严重破坏,生物种群数量急剧下降.通过野外采点调查建立可靠的栖息地适宜点群.基于遥感和GIS空间技术获取20个评价因子,并结合二项Logistic回归模型,构造出基于像元水平的栖息地适宜性模型,经过筛选后保留对适宜性影响力较大、拟合优度高的10个评价因子,分别从社会人文、植被长势和地形地貌三大方面分析.再应用K-means聚类分析法将适宜性点群分级,得到建三江区栖息地适宜性评价分级图,有效分析适宜性5个等级的空间尺度,其中最适宜栖息,中适宜栖息,基本适宜栖息,不适宜栖息和不可用地分别占总用地的24.73%,17.69%,29.8%,17.62%和10.16%,前三类占总的72.22%.说明建三江区的适宜水禽栖息的用地较多,主要分布在流域、低河漫滩等人为干扰少的湿地沼泽平原,此研究对水禽生境的保护和可持续发展都具有指导意义.     

水温增加对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地的影响

In the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the squid jigging fisheries from China, Japan and other countries and regions have targeted the west winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) from August to November since the 1970 s. This squid is a short-lived ecological opportunist with a life-span of about one year,and its population is labile and recruitment variability is driven by the environment or climate change. This variability provides a challenge for ones to forecast the key habitats affected by climate change. The catch data of O. bartramii from Chinese squid jigging fishery and the satellite-derived sea surface temperature(SST) data are used in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from August to November of 1998 to 2004, the SST preferences of O.bartramii corresponding to high values of catch per fishing day(CPUE) are determined and monthly potential habitats are predicted using a histogram analysis of the SST data. The possible changes in the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean are estimated under four climate change scenarios based on the Fourth Assessment Report(AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2 and 4°C increases in the SST because of the climate change. The results reveal an obvious poleward shift of the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.     

暴露也是一种生活

人们到海边去的乐趣之一,就是在海里游泳和冲浪。然而,对于居住在这个环境里的生物来说,生活却并没有那么好玩。海岸是海洋世界中唯一暴露于空气中的地方,因而也是最严酷的栖息地之一。低潮时分,暴露在海岸上的生物冒着被日光晒干和风吹千的危险生活着。为避免这种“干涸的危险”,许多受到潮汐影响的生物发展出保护性的贝壳。     

汶川8.0级地震后岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地自然遗产保护战略

岷山山脉是大熊猫的主要分布区,是我国保护大熊猫栖息地的关键区域之一。由于岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地处在南北地震带上,岷山山脉是大地震多发区与大熊猫栖息地重叠带。"5·12"汶川地震的高烈度区覆盖了岷山山脉北段大熊猫主栖息地的东部与南部,地震地面破裂带与极震区纵贯南段栖息地,导致北段主栖息地局部的严重地面破坏和南段栖息地大范围的严重地面破坏。通过调查汶川地震对栖息地的破坏情况,总结历史上地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响,分析汶川8.0级地震对岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地的影响程度,进而强调岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地自然遗产的重要性,提出岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地自然遗产保护战略。建议在岷山山脉北段建立涪江源国家级风景名胜区,编制岷山山脉大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产扩展提名文本与保护规划。建议在岷山山脉南段建立龙门山地震遗址国家级风景名胜区,实施龙门山脉大熊猫栖息地与地震断层遗址保护计划。     

Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: II. spatiotemporal variations in habitat degradation in Sansha Bay

The process of habitat degradation varies in habitat type and driving force which shows certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity on regional scales. In the present study, a new diagnostic model for enclosed bay habitat degradation was established, with which the spatial and temporal variation patterns of habitat degradation during 1991–2012 in Sansha Bay, Fujian, China was investigated. The results show that anthropogenic disturbance is the major controlling factor for the habitat degradation in large temporal heterogeneity in the bay. On the other hand, the habitat degradation experienced signifi cant spatial variations among six sub-bays. Under the joint action of temporal and spatial heterogeneity, the degradation trend in growing scale shows a more signifi cant correlation with the distribution of local leading industries along shorelines. Therefore, we quantifi ed the main characters of habitat degradation in Sansha Bay, and have understood the relationship between the status of habitats spatio-temporal variation value and the main controlling factor leading to the changes. However, a defi ciency of this research is the lack of or inaccessible to the detailed data, which shall be better solved in the future study for accessing more data from more sources.     

Evaluating conservation effectiveness of nature reserves established for surrogate species: Case of a giant panda nature reserve in Qinling Mountains, China

Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effec-tiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy（MAXENT） and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones（i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones）.Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.     

A new species of Cerithium （Gastropoda： Cerithiidae） from the South China Sea

Specimens of a new species of Cerithiidae, Cerithium mangrovum n. sp., were collected during two surveys along the coasts of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China. Usually associated with potamidid snails, this species often occurs in large populations between the mid-high tidal zones in a range of habitats, including mangroves, grass beds, silt, mud, and coral reefs. C. mangrovum n. sp. has a slender and tapering shell and the straight-sided whorl bears three aligned beaded spiral cords. The thick outer lip has a wide posterior sinus. It morphologically resembles C. coralium Kiener, 1841. The shell of C. coralium is usually larger and wider and the spiral cords are not as beaded as in C, mangrovum n. sp. Its radula has a rachidian tooth with a shallow, wide, median basal projection while the rachidian tooth of C. mangrovum n. sp. has a moderately long, median basal projection.     

研究发现蟾蜍可提前5天探知地震发生

2009年4月意大利拉奎拉地区遭遇地震,造成重大伤亡和财产损失。英国开放大学（Open University）的科研人员研究发现,在地震发生前,拉奎拉城外的蟾蜍大举逃离栖息地。科研人员注意到,尽管当时恰逢蟾蜍重要的繁殖季节,但96％的雄性蟾蜍在地震5天前逃离了它们的栖息地。而地震3天前,配对的蟾蜍数量下降为零。而且,地震发生后直到最后一次余震发生期间,当地并没有发现蟾蜍所产下的卵。