GPS方位角及其在导线测量中的应用研究

本文以三、四等和一级导线测量为例,针对利用GPS技术测定导线已知方位角中诸如应满足的精度、应遵守的基本技术规定、起算点坐标的联测、方位角系统转换及对导线的作用等基本问题进行了分析探讨。     

基于MODIS反演祁连山七一冰川雪粒径

基于MODIS 500 m分辨率数据,利用MODTRAN 4+模型和可见光波段、近红外波段的波段比方法反演雪粒径,建立1个消融期内的雪粒径变化的时间序列,通过采集七一冰川上设立的观测点对应时间段内雪粒径验证MODIS模拟的雪粒径值,结合位于观测点附近的气象站的气温数据,探讨气温对雪粒径的影响。结果表明,雪粒径的增长存在着明显的日变化趋势;模拟的雪粒径普遍高于实测的雪粒径值,因此反演模型需要约为1.1倍的校正因子;气温对雪粒径的影响显著。     

教材中的活动内容选择及其效果研究——以高中人教版《地理》必修一为例

一、引言新课标明确提出,“学习对生活有用的地理、学习对终身发展有用的地理”。足见地理学习的重要性,以及新课标注重地理学习实用性的特点。同时,通过地理学习培养学生的自我探究能力也是新课标的重要目标之一。高中阶段的地理知识涉及面广,且更有深度。加上新课改后教学时间缩短,所以教与学都有一定难度。对于高中地理老师来说,在有限的课堂时间里如何让学生掌握知识、理解知识并学会运用知识是非常重要的。     

A review on statistical models for identifying climate contributions to crop yields

Statistical models using historical data on crop yields and weather to calibrate relatively simple regression equations have been widely and extensively applied in previous studies, and have provided a common alternative to process-based models, which require extensive input data on cultivar, management, and soil conditions. However, very few studies had been conducted to review systematically the previous statistical models for indentifying climate contributions to crop yields. This paper introduces three main statistical methods, i.e., time-series model, cross-section model and panel model, which have been used to identify such issues in the field of agrometeorology. Generally, research spatial scale could be categorized into two types using statistical models, including site scale and regional scale (e.g. global scale, national scale, provincial scale and county scale). Four issues exist in identifying response sensitivity of crop yields to climate change by statistical models. The issues include the extent of spatial and temporal scale, non-climatic trend removal, colinearity existing in climate variables and non-consideration of adaptations. Respective resolutions for the above four issues have been put forward in the section of perspective on the future of statistical models finally.     

考虑非达西效应的边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型

边水气藏水平井见水后产量下降,准确预测见水时间有利于选择合理的开发及配产方式、提高边水气藏采收率.考虑水侵速度、储层倾角及气相非达西效应等因素,建立边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型;计算P边水气藏W井的见水时间,与未考虑水侵速度等因素的见水时间对比,并对影响因素进行敏感性分析.结果表明:水侵过程中,水质点向井底移动的速度...     

Preliminary study on aftershock decay rate of the 2013 Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake

We obtained a catalog of early aftershocks of the 2013 Lushan earthquake by examining waveform from a nearby station MDS which is 30.2 km far away from the epicenter, and then we analyzed the relation between aftershock rate and time. We used time-window ratio method to identify aftershocks from continuous waveform data and compare the result with the catalog provided by China Earthquake Networks Center （CENC）. As expected, a significant amount of earthquakes is missing in CENC catalog in the 24 h after the main shock. Moreover, we observed a steady seismicity rate of aftershocks nearly in the first 10,000 s before an obvious power-law decay of aftershock activity. We consider this distinct early stage which does not fit the Omori law with a constant p （p - 1） value as early aftershock deficiency （EAD）, as proposed by previous studies. Our study suggests that the main shock rupture process is different from aftershocks＇ processes, and EAD can vary in different cases as compared to earthquakes of strike-slip mechanism in California.     

包括前震和余震的不含时间的地震危险性概率分析

在不含时间的地震危险性概率分析中,每个震源都被视为在时间和空间上无关。因此,在时间和空间上都依赖主震的前震和余震都不被列入地震目录。然而,事实表明,这些地震能够产生破坏性地震动,应该被认为是构成地震危险性的一部分。本研究将主震及其相关地震作为时间不相关的群体,每个群体在时间和空间上都与其他任何群体无关,且都具有主震的复发时间。通过将震群中的地震视为事件的并,相关事件都会对地震动和危险性有贡献。根据美国地质调查局的高危险性场地判别方法,纳入相关事件使超过工程意义概率水平的地震动增加了约10％,但如果能够可靠地计算余震发生量的变化,这个增加量可能会高达20％。     

基于数值解与解析解耦合的SSI体系地震反应分析方法

基于子结构分析方法,提出了土-结构相互作用体系中数值解和解析解耦合的地震反应分析方法。此方法中,数值解是用有限元方法来模拟上部结构的非线性动力行为;而弹性结构-刚性基础-半无限大弹性地基中频域内的解析解,是通过离散时间递归滤波方法得到时域内的解来等效,且在整个体系中,利用土、结构两个子结构边界上的力和位移协调求解。本文提出的方法用有限元程序Opensees来实现,并用于一个线弹性单层框架结构的动力分析中。这种耦合的分析方法得到的结果,与土-结构相互作用单自由度体系的解析解进行了比较,验证此方法的精度、稳定性和工程实用性。     

Statistical moment-based structural damage detection method in time domain

A novel structural damage detection method with a new damage index,i.e.,the statistical moment-based damage detection(SMBDD) method in the frequency domain,has been recently proposed.The aim of this study is to extend the SMBDD method in the frequency domain to the time domain for building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations.The applicability and effectiveness of the SMBDD method in the time domainis verified both numerically and experimentally.Shear buildings with various damage scenarios are first numerically investigated in the time domain taking into account the effect of measurement noise.The applicability of the proposed method in the time domain to building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations is then experimentally investigated through a series of shaking table tests,in which two three-story shear building models with four damage scenarios aretested.The identified damage locations and severities are then compared with the preset values.The comparative results are found to be satisfactory,and the SMBDD method is shown to be feasible and effective for building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations.