论地图比例尺

因地图小于制图区域,因此为了使地图便于使用,图上必须确定两者的比例关系。这种比例关系就叫做地图比例尺。这是地图使用者首先应该知道的。地图比例尺有多种方法表示:可用某种文字或图解方法明确地注出,也可用经纬线间距来间接表明,甚至用地图上的符号大小和特征巧妙地表示。     

Monitoring cyanobacteria-dominant algal blooms in eutrophicated Taihu Lake in China with synthetic aperture radar images

Monitoring algal blooms by optical remote sensing is limited by cloud cover.In this study,synthetic aperture radar(SAR) was deployed with the aim of monitoring cyanobacteria-dominant algal blooms in Taihu Lake in cloudy weather.The study shows that dark regions in the SAR images caused by cyanobacterial blooms damped the microwave backscatter of the lake surface and were consistent with the regions of algal blooms in quasi-synchronous optical images,confirming the applicability of SAR for detection of surface blooms.Low backscatter may also be associated with other factors such as low wind speeds,resulting in interference when monitoring algal blooms using SAR data alone.After feature extraction and selection,the dark regions were classified by the support vector machine method with an overall accuracy of 67.74%.SAR can provide a reference point for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the lake,particularly when weather is not suitable for optical remote sensing.Multi-polarization and multi-band SAR can be considered for use in the future to obtain more accurate information regarding algal blooms from SAR data.     

Impact of nonlinear processes on formation of the Kuroshio large meander path in a barotropic inflow-outflow model

Based on a barotropic inflow-outflow model,we examine the formation of the Kuroshio large meander(LM) using conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) method.Both linear and nonlinear evolutions of such perturbations obtained by this method are investigated.The results show that the nonlinear evolution can result in the Kuroshio transition from a straight to LM path,whereas the linear evolution cannot.This implies that nonlinearity plays an important role in the formation of the Kuroshio LM path.The nonlinearity exists as advection in the evolution equations of the perturbation derived from the barotropic inflow-outflow model,namely the nonlinear advection of the perturbation by the perturbation(NAPP).By examining the role of this nonlinearity,we find that the NAPP tends to move the cyclonic eddy induced by the CNOP-type perturbation westward.Together with the beta effect,this offsets part of the eastward advection caused by the interaction between the perturbation and the background flow.Hence,the eastward movement of the cyclonic eddy is significantly weakened,effectively causing the eddy to develop.The sufficient evolution of this cyclonic eddy leads to the formation of the Kuroshio LM.     

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)传染性皮下和造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)的流行病学调查

传染性皮下和造血器官坏死病毒(infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)是对虾养殖的重要病原之一,可感染多种虾种。罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)是中国养殖的重要沼虾品种之一。根据国际兽疫局(Office International des Epizooties,OIE)推荐的IHHNV检测方法,在中国大陆地区首次开展IHHNV在罗氏沼虾中的感染和流行情况调查。结果显示,在研究区的罗氏沼虾养殖区,IHHNV广泛流行,阳性率高达90%;但所有成年罗氏沼虾均未表现出明显的病症,仅表现为病毒的携带。通过基因序列分析显示,检测到的华南地区毒株属于Ⅰ型感染株,与菲律宾株进化关系较为接近;华东地区毒株属于Ⅱ型感染株,与东南亚株进化关系较近。本研究为IHHNV在罗氏沼虾内的感染、流行和防控提供了详细参考。     

在Zebiak-Cane模式中观测MJO强迫对ENSO可预报性的影响, 第1部分:对最大预报误差的影响

With the observational wind data and the Zebiak-Cane model, the impact of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) as external forcing on El Ni(n)o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictability is studied. The obs...     

Grain size composition and transport of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary and Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent waters

Surface sediments from the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary,Hangzhou Bay,and their adjacent waters were analyzed for their grain size distribution,organic carbon(OC) concentration,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ13C).Based on this analysis,about 36 surface sediment samples were selected from various environments and separated into sand(0.250 mm,0.125–0.250 mm,0.063–0.125 mm) and silt(0.025–0.063 mm)fractions by wet-sieving fractionation methods,and further into silt-(0.004–0.025 mm) and clay-sized(0.004mm) fractions by centrifugal fractionation.Sediments of six grain size categories were analyzed for their OC andδ13C contents to explore the grain size composition and transport paths of sedimentary OC in the study area.From fine to coarse fractions,the OC content was 1.18%,0.51%,0.46%,0.42%,0.99%,and 0.48%,respectively,while theδ13C was –21.64‰,–22.03‰,–22.52‰,–22.46‰,–22.36‰,and –22.28‰,respectively.In each size category,the OC contribution was 42.96%,26.06%,9.82%,5.75%,7.09%,and 8.33%,respectively.The OC content in clay and fine silt fractions(0.025 mm) was about 69.02%.High OC concentrations were mainly found in offshore modern sediments in the northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary,in modern sediments in the lower estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay,and in Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island.Integrating the distribution of terrestrial OC content of each grain size category with the δ13C of the bulk sediment indicated that the terrestrial organic material in the Changjiang River Estuary was transported seaward and dispersed to the Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island via two pathways:one was a result of the Changjiang River Diluted Water(CDW) northeastward extending branch driven by the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,while the other one was the result of the CDW southward extending branch driven by the Taiwan Warm Current.     

条斑紫菜SSU 中内含子分析

根据GenBank中已知的条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)SSU和LSU r RNA基因序列分别设计引物,分别以混合个体和单个个体的基因组DNA以及c DNA为模板进行扩增,测序分析后推测SSU r RNA基因中的内含子转录后加工可能仍被保留,而在LSU r RNA基因上游序列中没有发现内含子。长511bp的内含子位于SSU r RNA基因序列的上游,其插入位点为TCTGGTG-CCAGCAGCC,内含子5′和3′端的核苷酸序列分别为AAC-和-ATGG。该内含子的剪接位点以及保守区P,Q,R,S与I型内含子是不同的。研究发现,在同种紫菜中,不同个体SSU基因中内含子的有无、分布及结构特征是不同的,说明内含子对于分类是不太适合的。但是内含子的长度以及核苷酸序列在种间又具有一定的特异性,可以为红藻种间以及种内亲缘关系较远的亚种和不同地理群的区分和鉴定提供参考。     

东海原甲藻抗体的制备及酶联免疫检测方法的建立

通过制备针对东海原甲藻细胞破碎物的多克隆和单克隆抗体,建立了基于双抗体酶联免疫分析定量检测东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的检测方法。利用该方法对单一藻种、混合藻种和现场样品中的东海原甲藻进行检测的结果与镜检结果相一致,最低检测限度为1×103 cells/m L。该方法的建立对中国近海赤潮暴发的实时监控具有重要意义。     

中国鲎基因组微卫星富集文库的构建及分析

本研究旨在从DNA分子水平上研究中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)种群遗传多样性及种群结构等相关信息,以期为保护其野生群体种质资源提供科学依据。本研究通过生物素—磁珠富集法筛选微卫星标记,构建中国鲎基因组微卫星文库。基因组DNA经Fast Digest Tru1I酶切后,选取400 bp~1000 bp片段,用生物素标记的(GT)15、(CT)15混合探针与其杂交,杂交复合物与链霉亲和素磁珠结合,捕获含有重复序列的微卫星片段,纯化后连接PMD19-T载体克隆,构建基因组微卫星文库。从334个阳性克隆中随机选取196个片段大于400 bp的阳性克隆进行测序,共获得127个微卫星序列,其中完美型占69.3%、非完美型占11.0%、复合型占19.7%。除探针使用的GT和CT的重复序列外,还筛选到多碱基GCT、TGG、AAAC、ACAA、GATTT、TTTTA的重复序列。根据微卫星序列设计选择合成40对引物,结果显示其中3对具有较高多态性,可作为进一步评价中国鲎野生种质资源等遗传信息的有效遗传标记。