摸着石头过河的创新研究——记喀喇昆仑山巴托拉冰川考察与中巴公路修复通过方案

1974年初,外经部、交通部和总后勤部联合给中国科学院兰州冰川冻土沙漠研究所(现为中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所)下达任务,要求派冰川考察组对影响中(国)巴(基斯坦)公路建设的巴境内喀喇昆仑山区巴托拉冰川考察,以二年时间摸清该冰川的运动变化特征,提出中巴公路通过方案.     

绚丽风情话印度

印度共和国（Republic of India）位于亚洲南部,是南亚次大陆最大的国家．具有绚丽的多样性和丰富的文化遗产及旅游资源。她与孟加拉国、缅甸、中华人民共和国、不丹、尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等国家接壤,与斯里兰卡和马尔代夫等国隔海相望。古印度人创造了光辉灿烂的古代文明,她同时也是世界三大宗教之一——佛教的发源地。     

Seismic Hazard Assessment of District Mansehra,Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa,Pakistan

The site of Mansehra is located seismically in an active regime, known as the Crystalline Nappe Zone and Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis in NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Seismic Hazard Assessment （SHA） for the site has been carried out by considering the earthquake source zones, selection of appropriate attenuation equations, near fault effects and maximum potential magnitude estimation. The Mansehra Thrust, Oghi Fault, Banna Thrust, Balakot Shear Zone, Main Boundary Thrust, Panjal Thrust, Jhelum Fault and Muzaffarabad Fault and, further to the south, the Sanghargali, Nathiagali, and Thandiani Thrusts are the most critical tectonic features within the 50 km radius of Mansehra. Using the available instrumental seismological data from 1904 to 2007, SHA has been carried out. Other reactivated critical tectonic features in the area have been investigated. Among them the Balakot-Bagh fault, with the fault length of 120 km from Balakot to Poonch, has been considered as the most critical tectonic feature on the basis of geological/structural/seismological data. The potential earthquake of maximum magnitude 7.8 has been assigned to the Balakot-Bagh fault using four regression relations. The peak ground acceleration value of 0.25 g （10% probability of exceedance for 50 years） and 0.5 g has been calculated with the help of the attenuation equation using probabilistic and deterministic approaches.     

巴基斯坦喜马拉雅以板块运动速度剥露的超高压榴辉岩

超高压榴辉岩产于全球许多造山带。这类岩石在俯冲和/或陆陆碰撞早期随陆壳的迁移形成于大于100km的深处。高压榴辉岩始见于巴基斯坦喜马拉雅和拉达克喜马拉雅,这两处均位于印度缝合带以南的印度板块北缘(即主地幔断层,MMT)。前者的温压条件为650±50℃和13~18kbar。Sm-Nd石榴子石-单斜辉石年龄显示的变质高峰期为49±6Ma,Rb-Sr多硅白云母和U-Pb金红石年龄揭示的冷却时间分别为43±1Ma和39~40Ma。后者温压条件为550±50℃和20±3kbar。变质作用高峰期为55±12Ma(Lu-Hf法;石榴子石-单斜辉石-金红石)、55±17Ma(U-Pb褐帘石)和55±7Ma(…     

Study on the geochemical correlation of crude oils of Palaeocene and Jurassic ages from the Potowar Indus Basin in northern Pakistan

This study deals with a detailed geochemical characterization of three crude oils from the Upper Indus Basin, Punjab, Pakistan. The samples were obtained from three productive oil fields of the Datta Formation (Jurassic), Lochhart (Palaeocene) and the Dhak Pass zone (Palaeocene). The GC parameters for and the bulk properties of Datta Formation oils are essentially coincident with those of the oils from the Dhak Pass Formation in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan and the oils likely originate from a marine source rock. In contrast, the Lockhart Formation oils show different behaviors and seem to be originated from dirty carbonate rocks although all three crude oils are mature, being of non-biodegraded and somewhat mixed organic matter origin. Low Pr/Ph values and high C₃₅ homohopane index for the Lockhart Formation oils suggest a source of anoxic environment with low Eh while oils from the Datta Formation and Dhak Pass Formation showed different trends, i.e., lower values of C₃₅ homohopane index indicating different depositional environment than oil from the Lockhart Formation. All three crude oils from the Upper Indus Basin are mature for the hopane ratios, i.e., Ts/Ts+Tm, C₃₂22S/(S+R) and C₃₀ αβ/(αβ+βα) and sterane ratios, i.e., C₂₉22S/(S+R) and C₂₉ββ/(ββ+αα) but oils from the Lockhart Formation seem to be less mature than those from the Palaeocene and Datta Formation according to plots like API° vs. homohopane Index, Pr/Ph vs. sterane. The relative composition of 5α(H), 14β(H), 17β(H)-24-ethylecholestanes and the C₂₉20S/20S+20R index, indicate that all three crude oils are equally mature, which makes it unlikely with respect to the above said plots. This difference is may be due to the migratory chromatography which alters the concentrations of sterane and hoapnes and hence gives different results. These oils do not exhibit UCM and have complete n-alkane profiles indicating non-biodegradation.     

巴基斯坦达什特卡恩斑岩型铜矿地质特征及找矿潜力

达什特卡恩斑岩型铜矿位于巴基斯坦查盖斑岩型铜矿带北端的阿富汗-巴基斯坦边境上,迄今为止,矿区内已发现有两个规模很大的铜矿化体。笔者在以往勘查资料和野外地质找矿工作的基础上,对成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿床地球化学和地球物理特征及找矿潜力进行了初步分析。矿区出露东西两个矿化体,主要与两个英云闪长斑岩岩株以及一个侵入角砾岩管有关;斑岩体中蚀变以钾化和绢英岩化为主,泥化较弱,青磐岩化分布在蚀变带最外围。氧化矿石矿物以孔雀石和硅孔雀石为主,次生矿石矿物以辉铜矿和铜蓝为主,原生矿石矿物以黄铜矿和斑铜矿为主。1∶1万土壤地球化学测量显示西部矿化体铜元素异常面积约0.45 km2,平均值482.97×10-6,东部角砾岩矿化体异常面积约0.32 km2,平均值2238×10-6,矿区钼含量平均值为21×10-6,经调查铜异常为矿致异常。激发极化法测量显示西部异常范围小,电阻率很低,在45~90 m范围内可能是含硫化物所致,而东部异常范围大,电阻率低,经查证与热液侵入角砾岩管有关。在西部矿化体施工了3个钻孔进行异常查证,结果显示铜平均含量0.079%~0.28%。经分析研究认为,在达什特卡恩深部具有良好的找矿前景。     

2005年巴基斯坦北部7.8级地震灾害调查与分析

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦北部发生了7.8级大地震,本文作者在参加中国国际救援队现场地震救援的同时,深入地震重灾分布区开展了工程震害的现场调查工作。本文基于震害调查结果,分析了此次地震灾害状况和工程震灾特点,探讨了其产生的原因,并且给出了一些经验教训。     

2013年巴基斯坦Mw7.7地震震源参数特征及烈度分布估计

2013年9月24日巴基斯坦中南部发生Mw7.7地震,震中位于巴基斯坦阿瓦兰县北部69 km处,发震断层为走滑断层机制,极震区烈度达到Ⅸ度以上.我们计算了巴基斯坦地震的视应力、应力降等震源参数,明确该地震为断层动态摩擦过程中的应力上调模式;进一步选取发震断层面上滑动位移的反演结果,构建有限断层模型,对近断层区域的强地面运动进行估算,并基于强地面运动模拟结果给出震区的烈度分布图.结果显示,模拟的巴基斯坦地震烈度图极震区烈度达到Ⅸ度,Ⅶ度烈度影响范围与美国地质调查局震后给出的震动图(ShakeMap)较为一致.强烈地震发生后,基于强地面运动模拟计算给出的烈度分布情况具备较好的合理性,对震区给出及时的震情判定和开展相应的救灾工作具有较高的实际价值.