黄土与古季风

中国黄土的古季风记录研究，揭示了东亚季风区的环境变迁历史是来自中，高纬大陆的偏北冬季风与来自中，低纬海洋的偏南夏季风的环境效应优势期相互交替的历史。文中简要介绍了有关黄土高原黄土与古季风研究的重要进展，侧重讨论了中原地区末次冰期高分辨率黄土所记录的冬季风和夏季风变迁的特征，最后就今后全球变化计划的黄土与古季内研究提出了几点意义。     

对比加深印象 实践促进掌握

我国东部地区夏秋季节的降水大多是锋面雨，这与我国东部地区强大的季风环流有密切关系，我在课堂上讲解冷锋与暖锋时一般是通过对比来区别不同点的：1、锋面坡度的大小，冷锋锋面坡度较陡，而暖锋锋面坡度较缓；2、降水地带(雨带)与锋线的相对位置，玲锋雨带分布在锋线前后，暖锋雨带分布于锋线的玲气团一侧。     

气压带、风带对我国天气和气候的影响

人们谈到我国天气和气候时，往往只强调季风，实际上，我国的天气和气候受副热带高气压带和西风带的影响相当明显。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS LATE OR EARLY ONSET

The characteristics of atmospheric heat source associated with the summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (SCS) are studied using ECMWF reanalysis data from 1979 to 1993. A criterion of the SCS summer monsoon onset is defined by the atmospheric hea…     

青藏高原影响亚洲夏季气候研究的最新进展

文中回顾了近 10a来吴国雄等在青藏高原影响亚洲夏季气候研究方面的最新进展。通过分析东西风交界面的演变证明 ,由于青藏高原的春季加热 ,亚洲季风区对流层低层冬季盛行偏东风转变为夏季偏西南风最早发生在孟加拉湾东部 ,与其相伴随的激烈对流降水出现在其东面。因此孟加拉湾东部至中印半岛西部是亚洲季风最早爆发的地区。同时也指出盛夏伊朗高原和青藏高原加热所激发的同相环流嵌套在欧亚大陆尺度的热力环流中 ,从而加强了东亚的夏季风 ,加剧了中西亚的干旱 ;并通过其所激发的波动对夏季东亚的气候格局产生重要影响。文中还比较了夏季南亚高压的伊朗模态和青藏模态性质的异同及其对亚洲夏季降水异常分布的不同影响。     

Possible Impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in East Asia

The influences of the wintertime AO (Arctic Oscillation) on the interdecadal variation of summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia were examined. An interdecadal abrupt change was found by the end of the 1970s in the variation of the AO index and the leading principal component time series of the summer rainfall in East Asia, The rainfall anomaly changed from below normal to above normal in central China, the southern part of northeastern China and the Korean peninsula around 1978. However,the opposite interdecadal variation was found in the rainfall anomaly in North China and South China.The interdecadal variation of summer rainfall is associated with the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation. It is indicated that the interdecadal variation of the AO exerts an influence on the weakening of the monsoon circulation. The recent trend in the AO toward its high-index polarity during the past two decades plays important roles in the land-sea contrast anomalies and wintertime precipitation anomaly. The mid- and high-latitude regions of the Asian continent are warming, while the low-latitude regions are cooling in winter and spring along with the AO entering its high-index polarity after the late 1970s. In the meantime, the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and South China is excessive, implying an increase of soil moisture. The cooling tendency of the land in the southern part of Asia will persist until summer because of the memory of soil moisture. So the warming of the Asian continent is relatively slow in summer. Moreover, the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean which are located southward and eastward of the Asian land, are warming from winter to summer. This suggests that the contrast between the land and sea is decreased in summer. The interdecadal decrease of the land-sea heat contrast finally leads to the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation.     

“龙舟水”泛滥成百年一遇的特大洪灾

2005年的“龙舟水”泛滥南粤,6月18-25日持续一周的特大致洪暴雨过程,使广东省遭遇了百年一遇的洪水灾害。受高空槽、切变线和西南季风共同影响,广东省出现了较大范围连续性特大暴雨和强降水,其中,龙门县录得的过程累积雨量1300.2 mm。再加上珠江流域各大江河上游洪水的不断涌入和天文大潮的顶托,西江水位急剧上涨,6月23日中午-24日早晨,西江的封开、德庆、高要分别超警戒水位8.92 m、6.58m、2.68 m,流量达到56300m3/S,北江清远超警戒水位2.18 m。暴洪、泥石流、塌方、洪涝等自然灾害,成片出现在广东的河源、韶关、肇庆、惠州、清远、汕尾、珠海等地区的乡镇,17个市89个县(市、区)762个乡(镇)受灾,受灾人口441.6万人,直接经济损失45.2亿元人民币,特大暴雨造成京九铁路多处地段发生土方溜坍,被迫中断行车10多天。受暴雨和天文大潮夹击,广州珠江最高潮位超过基面2 m。江水漫进广州城,市内低洼地多处水浸超过1 m,南岸的铁轨一度被大水淹没,沿江路、滨江路等大马路水深盈尺,风景如画的小岛沙面顿成水泽。暴雨令著名风景区白云山出现20多处塌方,也令白云机场几度关闭。     

北半球冬季亚澳振荡与亚澳地区气候的关系

再分析资料的EOF结果揭示出,冬季亚澳季风区对流层上层位势高度场存在着南北反相变化的振荡—亚澳振荡（AAD）,并定义亚澳振荡强度指数（AADI）。通过相关和合成分析,结果表明,冬季亚澳振荡与同期北半球冬季亚澳地区天气、气候之间存在显著相关。在年际尺度和年代际尺度上,AAD与同期北半球冬季亚澳地区气温、降水的异常显著相关,在年际信号上叠加年代际信号后,该指数与亚澳地区的气温和降水的相关更为显著。冬季亚澳振荡强年对应着同期冬季鄂霍次克海高压（阿留申低压）,东亚大槽和阿拉斯加脊以及极锋急流偏强;高低纬度之间的经向环流增强,副热带急流偏南偏强。这种关系本质上反映出了亚澳季风系统不仅是海陆温差的产物,也受到对流层上层温度南北差异的强迫。     

Intraseasonal oscillation of the southwest monsoon over Sri Lanka and evaluation of its subseasonal forecast skill

斯里兰卡的雨季发生于5-9月间,主要受西南季风的控制.本文发现该地区的西南季风降水存在很强的次季节变率,主导周期为10-35天.降水的季节内变化与西传的异常气旋有关.进一步,利用S2S比较计划中欧洲中心的数值预报模式(ECMWF)提供的回报试验数据,评估了当今动力模式对斯里兰卡西南季风次季节变化的预报技巧.结果显示,对季风指数的预测技巧超过30天,而对降水指数的预测技巧大约两周,且模式的预报技巧具有明显的年际差异.分析表明,能否正确模拟出大尺度环流对热带对流的响应是影响斯里兰卡降水预测的重要因子.