河南省第二次土地调查耕地田坎系数的测算与使用

耕地中北方大干等于2米、南方大于等于1米的地坎（含耕地中的田埂、地埂）称为田坎。根据《第二次全国土地调查技术规程》（TD／T1014—2007）（以下简称规程）的规定,耕地坡度（地面坡度）大于2°时,可测算耕地田坎系数,用系数扣除田坎面积。田坎系数测算是河南省第二次土地调查中准确获取耕地面积的一个重要环节,科学合理地做好田坎系数测算工作,对于准确把握全省耕地面积,进一步有效利用和保护耕地具有重要的现实意义。     

吉林辽源市矿山地质环境问题及对策建议

辽源市是我国典型的矿业城市,具有悠久的矿业开发历史,煤炭为主要矿产资源集中分布于市区,近50年来的开采遗留下大量的矿山地质环境问题。本文在资料收集和调查的基础上,分析总结了吉林辽源市矿山环境地质问题及其危害,提出辽源市矿山地质环境保护与综合治理对策建议,为资源枯竭城市转型,提供了基础数据和技术支撑。     

气孔玄武岩古高程计:原理、方法及应用

古高程可以重建高山地区(尤其是高原)的隆升历史,可以更好地约束造山带的地球动力学过程.气孔玄武岩古高程计是通过熔岩流顶部和底部标准气孔体积比计算出古大气压,进而计算古高程的方法.该方法的研究对象是厚度为1～5m的且具有简单侵住历史的玄武质熔岩.高原隆升之前、期间和后期喷发的熔岩均可应用该方法.尽管该方法已经趋于成熟,但是国内还没有任何报道.对其基本原理、研究方法与应用做了详细的综述,并探讨了该方法在青藏高原和中国东部高原应用的潜力.     

淮南板集煤矿F512断层导水性分析及地面注浆加固

板集煤矿F512断层落差70m,存在着导通上覆新生界松散层水与下伏太原组岩溶水的威胁,同时,断层带的破碎岩体也将对巷道掘进和支护带来困难。该矿先后施工了3个水文地质钻孔进行抽水和压水试验,根据岩心鉴定成果和岩石RQD值,认为断层带的岩心较为破碎;依据抽水过程中的流量变化、水位降深值和水位恢复值等指标及压水试验中透水率分析,发现该断层的导水性较差,具有弱渗透性。参考相邻矿区的经验,决定对断层破碎岩体采用地面注浆方法进行加固。整个工种注入水泥浆1 600m3,破碎岩体得到了有效加固,巷道掘进顺利通过了F512断层。     

基于深度BP/ELMAN神经网络的山区GNSS高程转换精度分析

将GNSS测量的大地高以较高精度转换为工程所需的正常高具有重要的实用价值。本文利用GSVS2017项目高精度的GNSS水准数据,分析了深度BP/ELMAN神经网络、广义回归神经网络(GRNN)、径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)、支持向量机回归(SVR)、二次曲线拟合和曲面拟合等方法用于GNSS高程转换的精度。试验结果表明：(1)在训练点间距为50、30、15、10、5 km时,采用隐含层激励函数为ReLU的深度BP/ELMAN神经网络,其精度比GRNN、RBFNN、SVR、二次曲线拟合和曲面拟合方法高;(2)利用隐含层激励函数为ReLU的深度BP/ELMAN神经网络进行GNSS高程转换,5种训练点间距均可使90%以上检核点间的高差满足四等水准测量精度,75%以上满足三等水准测量精度要求,训练点间距为5 km时,55%以上的高差可达到二等水准测量精度要求。     

联合LoFTR与自适应IRLS的立体测绘卫星高程误差检查

立体测绘卫星产品精度受多种因素的影响,采用一定的技术手段对立体像对接边的平面高程误差进行准确和全面的量测,不仅可以有效保障测绘产品的生产质量,还有助于检查影像内部可能存在的畸变和异常。本文提出了一种立体测绘卫星高程接边误差检查方法,首先通过LoFTR算法对具有重叠的异轨立体卫星像对进行特征匹配后获取大量的高精度匹配点;然后找出能够分别在两个像对上进行前方交会的匹配点,并计算这一位置的高程接边误差;最后通过自适应迭代再加权最小二乘法(IRLS)方法对单一区域中的匹配点对应的高程接边差的平均值进行稳定性估计,剔除检查结果中的异常值,得到可信结果。通过国产资源三号立体像对和高分七号立体像对的试验,证明了该方法达到的精度水平足以满足立体测绘卫星高程误差检查的精度需求,并验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于ALOS DEM的乌蒙山国家级自然保护区地貌特征研究

以乌蒙山国家级自然保护区为对象,融合野外地质地貌调查和ALOS DEM数字地形分析,定量与定性相结合阐述区内地形分异、地貌格局与发育演化等特征。结果表明：1）保护区基本地貌类型以大起伏中山（57.45%）为主,其次为大起伏亚高山（30.66%）和中起伏中山（11.17%）,海拔、起伏度、坡度、面积-高程积分值等定量地形指标的平均值从三江口片区至朝天马、海子坪片区逐渐降低,夷平剥蚀面级数逐渐减少;2）保护区及附近地区共发育7级夷平剥蚀面,其中Ⅰ～Ⅲ级为山顶面和残余夷平面,Ⅶ级为金沙江侵蚀阶地面,Ⅳ～Ⅵ级为剥蚀面,与区域3次构造旋回相对应;3）保护区面积-高程积分值在0.197～0.815之间,平均为0.503,超过80%的区域处于地貌演化的壮年阶段,表明区域地表侵蚀动力较强,在人类活动增强背景下存在较大的生态风险,未来的保护规划应考虑各个基本地貌类型区的地表动力差异。综合而言,独特、丰富的地貌结构使得保护区生物多样性及其所依附的生态环境要素得以保存,加强地貌多样性研究有助于从整体性和系统性的角度实现保护区资源环境管理与可持续利用。     

Volume estimation of small scale debris flows based on observations of topographic changes using airborne LiDAR DEMs

This paper describes a geographic information system(GIS)-based method for observing changes in topography caused by the initiation, transport, and deposition of debris flows using highresolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR) digital elevation models(DEMs) obtained before and after the debris flow events. The paper also describes a method for estimating the volume of debris flows using the differences between the LiDAR DEMs. The relative and absolute positioning accuracies of the LiDAR DEMs were evaluated using a real-time precise global navigation satellite system(GNSS) positioning method. In addition, longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the study area were constructed to determine the topographic changes caused by the debris flows. The volume of the debris flows was estimated based on the difference between the LiDAR DEMs. The accuracies of the relative and absolute positioning of the two LiDAR DEMs were determined to be ±10 cm and ±11 cm RMSE, respectively, which demonstrates the efficiency of the method for determining topographic changes at an scale equivalent to that of field investigations. Based on the topographic changes, the volume of the debris flows in the study area was estimated to be 3747 m3, which is comparable with the volume estimated based on the data from field investigations.     

Recent Changes Occurred in the Terminus of the Debris-covered Bilafond Glacier in the Karakoram Himalayas Using Remotely Sensed Images and Digital Elevation Models (1978-2011)

Recent changes occurred in terminus of the debris-covered Bilafond Glacier in the Karakoram Range in the Himalayas, Northern Pakistan was investigated in this research. Landsat MSS, TM and ETM＋ images were used for this study. Digital elevation models derived from ASTER GDEM and SRTM were also utilized. Visible, infrared and thermal infrared channels were utilized in order to get accurate glacier change maps. Three methods were tried to map this debris-covered glacier in this research. The glacier has been mapped successfully and the changes in the glacier terminus from 1978 to 2011 have been calculated. Manual, semi-automatic and thermal methods were found to give similar results. It was found that the glacier has undergone serious ablation during this period despite of the fact that many of the larger glaciers in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain regions in the Upper Indus Basin were reported to be expanding. The terminus has been moved back about 600 meters during this period and there was an abrupt change in the glacier terminus during 1990-2002. We propose that debris thickness is not the only factor that influences the glacier ablation but the altitude of the debris-covered glacier as well. Many glaciers in the Karakoram region reported to be expanding were having higher altitudes compared to the study area.     

皖南云岭金矿地球物理找矿模型

皖南云岭金矿位于长江中下游多金属成矿带与华南成矿带之间,属于江南造山带上的一个热液脉型矿床。基于云岭金矿区域地质背景,在该区开展了岩石露头测定、岩石标本物性测定和地球物理学相关研究。运用地面高精度磁测法,识别本区主要控矿构造为NE向断裂带。根据激发极化法圈定高极化率异常区,并结合相应区域电阻率(可控源音频大地电磁法)和磁异常分布特征建立4种地球物理模型:低阻-高极化模型、高阻-高极化模型、高极化-磁异常过渡带模型和高极化-高磁异常模型。这4种地球物理模型建立在该区岩石物性与矿床成因基础之上,分别对应不同含矿模型:低阻-高极化模型对应接触带上硫铁矿成矿区;高阻-高极化模型对应含矿硅化带;高极化-磁异常过渡带模型对应围岩蚀变带;高极化-高磁异常模型对应岩浆侵入区。依据以上模型,可圈定NE向断裂带、断裂带西侧高阻硅化带及东侧蚀变岩体为找矿有利靶区。