浅谈阵性降水的观测

阵性降水是指强度变化大 ,骤降骤停 ,有时伴有雷暴 ,降自积雨云、积云、层积云中的降水。对阵性降水的观测 ,不能全以雷暴或者云状来确定 ,有的地面测报员一听到雷声后 ,在同一分钟内便将雨改记为阵雨 ,于是一日之中 ,雨、阵雨、雨、阵雨 ,这样反复转来转去 ,使记录不连续 ,失去了真实性。笔者在此浅谈观测阵性降水的体会 ,以供同行参考。首先在思想上对阵性降水要有明确的认识 ,阵性降水一定降自积雨云或对流旺盛的浓积云 (积云性层积云有时也可降阵雨 ,但量较少 ) ,一般有雷电现象。但在积雨云本身 ,对流不旺盛时 ,就可能没有雷电现象。因…     

丹东地面气象遥测记录与人工观测记录的对比分析

为探讨地面气象遥测仪所测得的记录能否代替人工观测记录的问题 ,对丹东 1999～2001年遥测记录与人工观测记录进行对比分析 ,得出遥测记录可代替人工记录的结论。     

卷层云与三种容易混淆的天空现象辨析

春季，德州地区干旱少雨，经常出现大风天气。远处尘沙经上层气流传播而来或沙尘暴、扬沙出现后，尚未下沉的大量极细微的尘粒均匀地浮游在空中，在太阳光的照射下，天空呈均匀的乳白色、白色或微黄色，这种天空状况特征与卷层云极为相似，观测时易误记为卷层云。……     

土壤热异常影响地表能量平衡的个例分析和数值模拟

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are revealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer.In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m-2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m)for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06℃ can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65℃ if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81℃ assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Meanwhile, an increase of about 10 W m-2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land surface, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ONSET OF ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AS REVEALED BY HIRS-Tb12 AND DROUGHT AND FLOODS IN EASTERN CHINA

As shown in comparison and study of the HIRS-Tb12 data and conventional data, temperature, humidity and vertical motion are structured differently in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, which are well depicted with the HIRS-Tb12 data. When high pressures rapidly decrease over the regions of South China Sea and Arabian Sea with the HIRS-Tb12 less than 200 W/m2, monsoons will set off in the South China Sea, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, respectively. From a year of significant drought to one of significant floods, the trend of evolution is significantly different in the downdraft areas of the subtropical highs between the two hemispheres.     

GPS观测在气象中的应用

简述了GPS的组成及发展概况，以及如何利用地面GPS观测探测大气可降水汽量（PWV），从而可以得到高精度，几乎连续和实时的水汽序列，骤报降水量以及监测恶劣天气，为天气预报和气候分析作出贡献。     

标准太阳紫外光谱辐射计

在中国气象局新技术推广项目"紫外观测技术标准"的支持下,经与中国计量科学研究院光学处的科技人员合作,开发研制了标准太阳紫外光谱辐射计,现已完成整机加工、调试和测试工作.该仪器由辐射接收器(采用积分球和余弦修正石英半球配合的接收方式)、光栅单色仪和探测器(包括波长扫描驱动机构、探测器和放大器等)、计算机及其控制软件以及校准系统等部分组成(图1).     

城市大气环境边界层观测试验

城市大气环境边界层观测试验工程提出了城市区域大范围大气污染"空气穹隆"动力过程三维结构,首次揭示出北京周边地形"山谷风"与城市"热岛"效应相互作用对城市大气环境影响的综合特征.试验采用卫星遥感-地面观测相结合的技术方案,揭示北京周边地区污染贡献及其气溶胶远距离输送轨迹特征,提出建立北京及其周边地区点-面结合、卫星遥感-地面观测相结合立体综合监测网的设计新方案.该项目被世界气象组织专家组工作会议评为国际城市大气环境观测优秀示范计划,项目研究成果于2002年作为特邀撰稿发表于美国<环境与健康>(SCI),研究成果在北京市及有关省市推广应用.