Higher species diversity occurs in more fertile habitats without fertilizer disturbance in an alpine natural grassland community

Are there some relationships among species diversity and soil chemical properties of high altitude natural grasslands？ Plant community composition and chemical properties of soil samples were compared to investigate the relationship between soil and species diversity, and the richness in Tibetan alpine grasslands. Results showed that species diversity was significantly positively related to soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK） in the high alpine grasslands. Margalefs species richness index was also significantly positively related to SOM, TN, AN, and TP. Most soil chemical properties showed significantly positive correlation with species diversity and Margalef＇s richness index. Our results suggested that higher plant species richness index and diversity occurred in more fertile soil habitats in high altitude natural grassland community. In practice, fertilization management for the restoration of degraded grassland should be conducted with reference to the nutrient levels ofnatural grassland without the additional artificial fertilizer and with higher species-diversity and richness index.     

Root structure,distribution and biomass in five multipurpose tree species of Western Himalayas

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The tree root distribution pattern and biomass of seventeen year old trees of Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Celtis australis, Bauhinia variegata and Robinia pseudoacacia were studied by excavation method. B. variegata roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 4.78 m, whereas, M. alba roots were found down to 1.48 m depth. Lateral spread was minimum in B. variegata （1.10 m）and maximum inR. pseudoacacia （7.33 m）. Maximum root biomass of 6.30 kg was found in R. pseudoacacia and minimum （2.43 kg） was found in M. alba. For four species viz.,G. optiva, M. alba, C. australis andR. pseudoacacia, 68%-87% root biomass occurred within top 0-30 cm soil depth, but forB. variegata this was only45%. The soil binding factor was maximum in G. optiva and minimum in B. variegata. Soil physico-chemical properties also showed wide variation. The study suggests thatB. variegata with a deep root system is the most suitable species for plantation under agroforestry systems. R. pseudoacacia and G. optiva with deep root systems, more lateral spread and high soil binding factor are suitable for plantation on degraded lands for soil conservation.     

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.     

Snake Model for the Extraction of Loess Shoulder-line from DEMs

Shoulder lines are the most important landform demarcations for geographical analysis,soil erosion modeling and land use planning in the Loess Plateau area of China.This paper proposes an automatic,effective and accurate method of determining loess shoulder line from DEMs by integrating a hydrological D8 algorithm and a snake model.The watershed boundary line is adopted as the initial contour which evolves to identify the exact position of loess shoulder-line by the guidance of an external force of snake model from DEMs.Experiments show that the method overcomes the difficulties in both threshold selection for edge detection and the disconnecting issues in former extraction approaches.The accuracy evaluation of shoulder-line maps from the two test sites of the loess plateau area show obvious improvements in the extraction.The average contour matching distance of the new method is 12.0 m on 5 m resolution DEM,and shows improvement in the accuracy and continuity.The comparisons of accuracy evaluations of the two test sites show that the snake model method performs better in the loess plain area than in the area with high gully density.     

湘湖简介

湘湖位于杭州市萧山区,钱塘江、富春江和浦阳汀三汀交汇口的东侧,与西湖隔钱塘汀南北相望,是西湖的“姊妹湖”．区位优越．交通便捷,湘湖南为杭州绕城高速公路,东有杭州地铁1号线,距市中心20公里,往返于西湖与湘湖之间只需30分钟,距杭州萧山国际机场也仅30公里。     

基于SDCORS的车载RTK高程注记点连续采集精度分析

为提高航测法数字线划图(DLG)的生产效率,尽可能减少外业作业时间,基于山东省卫星定位连续运行综合服务系统(SDCORS)的车载RTK技术进行高程注记点采集。采用不同时间(白天、晚上)、不同车速条件进行高程注记点连续采集,并与常规方法(全站仪、单基站RTK)采集高程点进行比较,求取高程中误差,认为在夜间以不大于20 km/h的车速进行采集精度较高。在数字海阳基础地理信息数据采集项目中,利用车载RTK采集346 km2范围内的沿路高程注记点,结果表明能够满足1∶500航测法成图精度要求。     

基于GIS的白银区耕地耕层土壤重金属空间分异及污染评价

为评估白银区耕地耕层土壤(0~20 cm)的重金属污染,应用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF-7000)对1 070个土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、As、Cr、V、Co 8种重金属含量进行了测定,参照最新土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2008),使用单因子和内梅罗法并结合GIS手段分析耕层土壤重金属空间分布及污染程度等。结果表明:8种重金属平均污染程度由大到小为As、V、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、Ni、Cr,平均变异程度顺序为Pb、Cu、Zn、Co、As、Cr、V、Ni,空间相关性大小顺序为Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Ni、Cr、V、Co;Cu、Pb的最佳拟合模型为Pentaspherical模型,Zn、V为Gaussion模型,Ni、As为Exponential模型,Cr、Co为Circular模型;8种重金属中Cu、Zn、Pb、As表现出不同程度的污染,评价结果显示安全级、警戒级、轻污染、中污染和重污染分别占全区耕地面积的69.56%、23.88%、2.95%、2.55%和1.06%,受污染面积达到763.4 hm2。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦表土元素组合及分布特征

通过对吉尔吉斯斯坦境内40个不同采样环境下采集的表土中元素含量的分析,结合系统聚类(HCA)、降趋势对应分析(DCA)等方法,研究了吉尔吉斯坦境内不同采样环境下表土中元素的组合差异及其控制因素。结果表明:(1)大部分路边采集的表土、农田采集的表土和河边采集表土在聚类分析中各自组成独立的类别,显示出具有不同于其它采样环境下表土的元素组合特征。(2)由于Ca、Mg、Sr在表生地球化学上具有一定共性,这些活动性元素容易发生相对明显的迁移或富集,DCA分析显示其与Al、Fe等稳定性元素的相对含量存在反相关,Ca、Sr、Mg等含量高低直接影响了Al等稳定元素的相对含量。P、Pb、Zn、Cu与Al、Fe、Ti等稳定元素含量受不同的影响因素控制。在上述基础之上,结合不同采样环境下表土中元素含量的对比分析,路边采集的表土中Pb、Zn、Cu元素富集显著,而农田采集的表土中P和Cu元素明显富集,反映了P、Pb、Zn、Cu元素已经受到了人为因素的影响,导致在DCA分析中具有不同于Al、Fe等稳定元素的显著特征。     

关于一道情境式活动题的教学设计

正人教版七年级地理上册教科书P13有一道情境式活动题,题目如下:读图1,在同一时刻,北京的畅畅和远在美国纽约的姨妈打电话时,应该如何问候呢?为什么会有时间的差异?这道活动题看似难度不大,但在实际教学过程的初期,学生的认识却不易到位。考虑到七年级学生的年     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤特征

通过建立米级的空间尺度进行分层取样,研究了准噶尔盆地南缘建群种——梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤的含水率、容重、pH值、电导率和养分含量的变化状况。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量在表层5cm处最小,土壤容重在0~40cm土层变动幅度不大,但随着与茎基垂线距离的增加,二者出现显著变化(p0.05)。(2)土壤pH值和电导率在主根区周围呈现聚集现象,最大聚集率均在0~1m圈层,但随着距离的增加,土层深度逐渐成为主导因素。(3)土壤养分在表层5cm处聚集,但水平聚集范围中除有机质和全氮可扩增到3~4m外,全磷和速效养分均在0~2m。本研究结论对于荒漠区耐盐性植被的合理密植有一定的理论意义。