“五育融合”视域下的高中地理教学实践——以人教版必修《地理1》“土壤”为例

党的十九大明确提出,要落实立德树人根本任务,培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。本文说明了“五育融合”的概念及内涵、“五育融合”在地理教学中的价值、“土壤”教学如何渗透“五育融合”。通过课程设计融“五育”、活动探究融“五育”、教学评价融“五育”等方面阐述了高中地理教学“五育融合”策略。     

阿拉善地区土壤盐渍化的遥感反演及分布特征

土壤盐渍化是威胁干旱区土地的重要环境问题。利用遥感技术对土壤盐渍化进行动态监测,分析土壤盐度水平与空间分布,有利于掌握土壤盐渍化现状,为土地资源可持续利用提供理论依据。现有研究多在田间尺度,随着土壤环境问题涉及的范围越来越大,区域斑块信息的提取已无法满足宏观地模拟和展示整体土壤环境的空间分布。以阿拉善地区为例,结合遥感光谱指数与实测土壤盐分数据,运用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法,构建区域尺度范围的土壤盐渍化反演模型,实现大面积地区土壤盐度的精准模拟和定量监测。结果表明,构建的模型验证精度达到0.8788,达到极显著水平,预测结果与实际情况相符,可以较准确地模拟研究区土壤盐渍化状况。受地形、气候、景观类型、农业活动以及土地管理等因素的综合影响,阿拉善地区约20%的区域土壤呈现出不同程度的盐渍化,其中黑河下游河岸带、雅布赖山西侧及贺兰山西侧冲积扇土壤盐渍化程度最为严重。本研究可为大面积区域土壤盐分状况的快速监测及遥感定量反演提供可行的方法,同时为该区域不同程度盐渍化土壤的治理和土地利用管理提供依据。     

长白山地土壤甲螨和跳虫多样性的海拔梯度格局

本文围绕物种组成特征、海拔分布格局及其主要驱动因子,探究了长白山北坡9个海拔梯度(600 m、800 m、1 000 m、1 200 m、1 400 m、1 600 m、1 800 m、2 000 m和2 200 m)的土壤甲螨和跳虫的多样性分布模式。于2021年7月,共采集到土壤甲螨10 688只,隶属于36科45属55种;跳虫6 155只,隶属于12科32属54种。非度量多维标度排序（Non-matric multidimentional scaling, NMDS）和多元方差分析表明,土壤甲螨和跳虫的群落结构在9个海拔梯度上存在显著差异,并在长白山4个典型植被带(针阔混交林、针叶林、岳桦林和苔原带)间表现出明显的分离。土壤甲螨和跳虫物种丰度的海拔分布格局呈单峰型,分别在海拔1 200 m和1 400 m处达到峰值;甲螨的物种丰富度随着海拔升高呈递减分布模式,Shannon多样性指数呈U型分布;而跳虫的丰富度和Shannon多样性指数随海拔升高呈单峰型模式,在海拔1 200 m处达到最大值。RDA分析（Redundancy analysis）和VPA分析(Variation par...     

河套平原土壤风蚀风险评估

土壤风蚀是沙漠化的首要环节,评估其发生的可能性和潜在风险对区域风蚀防治具有重要意义。现有风险评估模型缺乏表征土壤可蚀性的力学参数。鉴于此,通过野外实测土壤硬度和抗剪强度,比较了河套平原不同土地利用类型的土壤可蚀性,采用抗剪强度、气候条件、地形地貌和植被特征等影响因子,建立了土壤风蚀风险评估模型。结果表明：(1)沙地土壤硬度和抗剪强度的中值分别为2.05 kg·cm^-2和10.00 kPa,远小于其他土地利用类型,土壤可蚀性极高。(2)土壤风蚀风险具有明显的空间分异性,在空间上大致呈“西部、南缘高,中、东部较低”的特征,风蚀风险以轻险型和危险型为主,土壤可蚀性和植被盖度是影响土壤风蚀风险的重要因素。(3)风蚀极险型和强险型约占研究区总面积的27.51%,主要分布在磴口县大部、黄河两岸、托克托县以及乌拉特前旗境内的乌梁素海东部,该区沙源物质丰富、风沙危害剧烈,是土壤风蚀的重点防护区域。     

草原生态系统土壤多功能性及影响机制研究进展

草原是陆地生态系统的关键组成部分,为维持区域生态安全发挥着极为重要的作用。土壤多功能性（soil multifunctionality,SMF）是衡量土壤系统提供多种功能的综合指标,对评估草原生态系统功能和区域可持续发展具有重要指导意义。然而,目前SMF研究仍处于初步阶段,研究对象多为农田生态系统,对于草原等自然生态系统的研究较少。此外,对草原生态系统SMF与植物和土壤微生物的关系以及全球变化对草原生态系统SMF影响机制的认识十分有限。因此,本文从SMF的概念和内涵、量化指标及方法、植物和土壤微生物与SMF的关系、全球变化对SMF的影响以及SMF的空间变异性5个方面论述SMF的研究进展,梳理了草原生态系统SMF的变化特征及影响机制。根据当前研究中存在的问题提出了今后研究应重点关注的内容：（1）统一规整SMF量化体系;（2）SMF在不同空间尺度上的转换机制;（3）不同类型草原生态系统SMF驱动机制;（4）土地利用变化、降水增加、气候变暖和氮沉降等全球变化交互作用对SMF的影响;（5）地上植物功能与SMF的联系和互馈机制;（6）根系功能性状对SMF的影响和植物在不同组织水平对SMF的贡献;...     

草原风蚀坑发育对土壤生态化学计量的影响北大核心CSCD

为了探讨草原风蚀坑发育对土壤碳氮磷含量特征的影响,通过时空替代法分析土壤碳氮磷含量、储量及生态化学计量比的时空分异特征及环境响应。结果表明:(1)风蚀坑发育导致土壤含水率、田间持水量、总孔隙度分别下降57.8%、23.2%、15.4%,而土壤pH值和容重分别上升12.4%和13.7%,砂粒含量增加35.8%,粉粒和黏粒含量分别降低69.4%和79.6%;(2)风蚀坑发育造成土壤有机碳含量和储量分别降低34.9%和20.0%,0~20 cm土壤碳流失量最大,土壤氮含量与储量分别降低14.6%和3.1%,60~80 cm土壤氮流失量最显著,土壤磷含量和储量分别降低3.1%和3.4%,20~40 cm土壤磷流失量最多;(3)风蚀坑发育造成土壤C/N、C/P和N/P分别下降24.2%、34.5%和6.9%,表层0~20 cm土壤化学计量比降低最显著;(4)风蚀坑发育对土壤粒径组成的改变是引起土壤碳氮磷含量变化最主要因子,土壤水分供给能力的降低是次要因素。草原风蚀坑发育会造成土壤碳氮磷养分的大量流失,并导致土壤粗粒化、干旱化及次生盐渍化现象。     

风沙治理工程综合效益分析——以敦煌黑山嘴风沙口为例北大核心CSCD

通过对敦煌黑山嘴风沙工程治理区和未治理区近地表风动力环境与土壤理化性质对比分析,研究了风沙治理工程下黑山嘴的防风固沙与土壤改良的综合效益,为今后该区域近地表风沙动力过程的深入研究和风沙灾害综合治理提供了借鉴。结果表明:相较于未治理区,敦煌黑山嘴工程治理区的平均风速、起沙风频率均明显降低,输沙强度减小,年输沙势降低85%,大风天气减少;工程治理区土壤各养分及水盐含量也在一定深度明显增加,全氮、全磷、全钾含量在5 cm土层深度增长率分别达到了322.5%、49.3%、15.1%,全氮、易溶盐对其他组分影响增大,土壤肥力显著提升;两区域土壤电导率与易溶盐含量变化趋势相同,但工程治理区两者含量在土壤表层明显增加,应警惕发生地表盐渍化。     

新田的脱贫新“硒”望

正2000年开始,国土资源部和湖南省国土资源厅开始对新田展开对口扶贫工作。为了帮助新田早日脱贫致富,国土资源部门发挥自身优势,踏遍了新田的山山水水,进行地质勘查,发现新田所辖的1022平方公里土地均含硒元素,其中占56.77%的土壤面积都是富硒土壤。     

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.     

Elevation,slope aspect and integrated nutrient management effects on crop productivity and soil quality in North-west Himalayas,India

On farm bio-resource recycling has been given greater emphasis with the introduction of conservation agriculture specifically withclimate change scenarios in the mid-hills of the north-west Himalaya region（NWHR）. Under this changing scenario, elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） may affect significantly soil quality and crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 at the Ashti watershed of NWHR in a rainfed condition to examine the influence of elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） on soil resource and crop productivity. Two years of farm demonstration trials indicated that crop productivity and soil quality is significantly affected by elevation, slope aspect and INM. Results showed that wheat equivalent yield（WEY） of improved technology increased crop productivity by -20%-37% compared to the conventional system. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-17%. North aspect and higher elevation increased crop productivity by 15%-25% compared to south aspect and low elevation（except paddy）. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-15%. Irrespective of slope, elevation and cropping system, the WEY increased by -30% in this region due to INMtechnology. The influence of elevation, slope aspect and INM significantly affected soil resources（SQI） and soil carbon change（SCC）. SCC is significantly correlated with SQI for conventional（R2 = 0.65＊）, INM technology（R2 = 0.81＊） and for both technologies（R2 = 0.73＊）. It is recommended that at higher elevation.（except for paddy soils） with a north facing slope, INM is recommended for higher crop productivity; conservation of soil resources is recommended for the mid hills of NWHR; and single values of SCC are appropriate as a SQI for this region.