中医势数观之识势

中华文化起源于古人对自然界的观察认识,关注的是在自然界规律总体框架下对万物的观察与解读。中医药体系以中华文化为养分,从对自然规律、药物认识到人体生长变化、疾病产生发展过程的解释中,均体现出对事物本质规律的关注,并最终对事物的趋向性发展作出解释。中医药人对这种趋向性的把握与中国传统文化中“势数”学说的思想息息相通。所谓“察势者智,驭势者赢”,运用“势数”来认知人体的生理病理变化以及自然界对其的影响,能够合理有效地帮助医者厘清临床思路,判断疾病的全程发展,进而精准施以治疗措施。     

海底底质分类支持下的WorldView-3多光谱影像浅海海域水深反演

近几十年来,基于遥感影像进行水深反演一直是国内外学者研究的热点。本文使用WorldView-3高分辨率卫星影像,结合卫星测高数据,以中国海南岛附近的蜈支洲岛及其附近海域为主要研究区域,在进行数据预处理、底质分类之后,分别通过多元线性回归模型、Stumpf对数比值模型和BP神经网络集中对岛屿周围0～20 m水域的水深进行反演和结果分析。结果证明,对这3种模型而言,在进行底质分类之后精度都会明显提升。其中,BP神经网络反演水深精度最高(均方根误差范围为0.2～0.7 m),多元线性回归模型次之(均方根误差范围为0.3～0.8 m),对数比值模型精度最低(均方根误差范围为0.6～1.1 m)。     

双向地震荷载下崩塌堆积体盲数稳定可靠性分析

为了能考虑地震双向性和岩土体参数多种不确定性,提出了地震荷载下崩塌堆积体稳定可靠性分析方法,进一步研究水平和竖向地震荷载对崩塌堆积体的可靠性影响.运用极限平衡法和拟静力法分析了双向地震下崩塌堆积体的安全稳定性,采用响应面法和JC法建立崩塌堆积体的地震极限状态方程,然后,运用盲数理论对岩土体参数进行盲数化处理,进一步推导...     

土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局表征——以广东省惠州市为例

土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态过程有着深刻的影响,与城乡景观格局变化密切相关。尝试将土地利用变化驱动力——土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为城乡空间景观格局空间表征提供新的方法。通过选取表征景观格局指标的破碎化指数、分形维数,利用Envi4.8、Arcmap10.0,Fragstasts4.1等软件,以广东省惠州市为例,在分析土地经济生态位与景观类型、景观指数之间的关系基础上,对土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局进行表征。结果表明:不同景观土地面积数量的增减与该类型土地经济生态位升降具有一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的景观土地面积增大,反之则减小;土地经济生态位越小,表征景观格局的景观破碎化指数、分维数指数越大,破碎化指数与分维数指数的增减与土地经济生态位升降表现出一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的破碎化指数、分维数指数则增大,反之则减小;城乡空间景观格局变化的发生主要出现在土地经济生态位高的区域。土地经济生态位的变化是城乡景观格局变化的重要影响因子,能够很好解释城乡空间景观格局特征。     

让地理课堂“多”起来

正笔者曾参与中学地理课堂教学竞赛活动,很有感触。一、多思考一些课标课标是新教材的灵魂,它规定学生学习的知识范围和所要达到的能力目标,是教学的出发点和归宿。心中有课标,才能真正领会课标的精神实质,将课标要求内化为自觉行动。心中有课标,才能与教材作者进行心     

信阳城市人口—城区用地异速生长分析

城市人口规模和用地面积随着时间的改变过程理论上服从异速生长定律,即在一定时空范围内表现为幂指数关系,并且标度指数小于1。但由于种种原因,中国的统计数据大多不满足纵向异速标度关系,或者标度指数严重异常。为深入研究这一问题,借助最小二乘法和对数线性回归分析技术,基于信阳的人口普查数据和城市用地现状图资料,开展城市人口和城市用地面积的标度分析,发现城市生长长期服从纵向异速生长定律,可用幂函数描绘,并且标度指数(约为0.86)接近于理论预期值(0.85)。然而,由于近年的"造城运动",这种标度关系遭到破坏,城市人—地关系出现混乱。因此,揭示城市演化规律的前提是数据质量的保证,而人文系统的规律也会因为人为的因素而暂时破坏。本文提供了一个城市纵向异速生长及其标度破坏的简明案例,并给出了估计和预测信阳城市人口和用地的数学模型,其计算结果可以作为了解同类城市人—地关系的演化进程和未来趋势的重要参考。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions （including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau） are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor; however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting （IDW） interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, alt- hough they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers （〉500 mm） including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rain- fall centers （〈50 mm） including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend; especially in northern Qilian Mountains （〉5 mm/a）, Badain Jaran Desert （〉2 mm/a）, Toson Lake （〉20 mm/a） and Qingtu Lake （〉20 ram/a） which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake （〈-2 mm/a） and Tengger Desert （〈-3 mm/a） demonstrates a decreasing trend.     

新型扩散云室搭建及其对黄山地区大气冰核的观测研究

本研究利用自行搭建的大气冰核高压静电采样器和静力真空水汽扩散云室,并结合其他大气冰核及气象要素观测仪器,于2011年5～9月及2012年9～10月在黄山三层不同高度上同时进行大气冰核及相关气象要素的连续观测。结果显示:黄山地区总冰核数浓度平均为18.74 L-1,凝结冻结核化冰核数浓度平均为0.79 L-1,凝华核化冰核数浓度平均为0.19 L-1。黄山地区冰核数浓度,随着高度的增加而减小;且存在春季较高、秋季居中、夏季较少的季节变化规律;下午达到一天中的最高值,夜晚达到一天中的最低值;总冰核数浓度较北方少。黄山山顶冰核数浓度随活化温度的升高而减小,随过饱和度的升高而增大,随风速的增强而增大,长期主要由西南风向山顶的输送,且其主要由大粒子来充当。     

雷电定位系统与人工观测雷暴日数统计比较

为了利用雷电定位系统 (lightning location system,LLS) 资料统计人工观测雷暴日数,采用湖北省2007—2012年LLS监测资料,选取25个气象站为圆心,统计其不同监测半径 (r) 圆区域内LLS监测的雷电日数,并与人工观测雷暴日数进行比较。结果表明:r≤7 km时,LLS监测平均年雷电日数小于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r≥8 km时, LLS监测平均年雷电日数大于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r=22 km圆区域内年平均雷电日数可替代最大年雷暴日数。根据r=7 km,r=8 km圆区域内LLS监测的年雷电日数、年平均地闪密度资料,分别采用直接替代法、地闪密度法和该文提出的二元法计算年雷暴日数,结果显示:二元法效果最好。二元法计算的2007—2012年25个站平均年雷暴日数与人工观测相等,平均差异为7.4%;二元法计算的2013年年雷暴日数与人工观测相差0.8 d,平均差异为12.3%。     

The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简

The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.