大兴安岭北段塔源地区~330Ma变辉长岩-花岗岩的岩石成因及构造意义

大兴安岭北段塔源地区石炭纪侵入岩分布于中亚造山带东段,构造上位于额尔古纳-兴安地块拼合处。发育岩体由变辉长岩和花岗岩组成,它们在时空上紧密伴生,变辉长岩中的锆石CL图像呈典型条带状,弱环状结构或面状结构(Th/U值为0.15~1.09,平均0.66),Th和U具有正相关关系;花岗岩的锆石CL图像呈明显岩浆型振荡环带特征(Th/U为值0.22~4.54,平均为1.95)。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年指示两者侵位年龄分别为331.0±2.6Ma和329.4±2.4Ma,表明形成于同一构造岩浆作用事件。岩石学和地球化学特征显示它们成因上密切相关,SiO2含量呈双峰式。塔源变辉长岩为中钾钙碱性系列,MgO含量较低(5.41%~6.45%),属于演化岩浆,TiO2、FeOT和P2O5含量较高,富集LREE,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.71~0.90),稀土元素总量和轻重稀土元素的分馏程度较高(La/Sm=4.61~5.84,Gd/Yb=2.50~2.81),Ti/V、Ti/Y、Zr/Y比值较低,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),尤其是强烈亏损Nb,形成于板内构造环境。花岗岩以TiO2、FeOT和P2O5含量较低为特征,REE配分模式为LREE富集型,其中花岗岩为Eu弱负异常(δEu=0.76~0.92),微量元素蛛网图上类似于A型花岗岩分配模式。不相容元素(如La/Sm、La/Ta、Th/Ta)以及MgO含量等指示原始岩浆受到地壳混染比例较小,以分离结晶作用为主。塔源变辉长岩还显示岩石圈地幔物质的印记,并与石榴石二辉橄榄岩熔融有关,它们被解释成早期地幔源区曾发生过俯冲流体交代。变辉长岩和花岗岩由不同源区熔融形成,基性岩源于受到陆壳混染比例较小的原始地幔,而花岗岩可能来自底侵作用,基性岩浆使其上部地壳发生大规模的部分熔融形成大面积花岗岩。大兴安岭塔源侵入岩的形成是岩石圈伸展减薄背景下玄武质岩浆底侵作用的结果。     

云南先峰中新世木乃伊化木化石α-纤维素的提取

本文对云南先锋中新世木乃伊化木化石进行α-纤维素实验提取,以验证化石纤维素的可得性。实验利用有机溶剂分离、碱液分离、无机酸分离等方法分别对研究区5件木乃伊化化石样品进行处理,并采用红外光谱检测方法与现代木材α-纤维素和国际标准α-纤维素进行对比试验。实验结果显示,3种提取方法均可以从化石木材中提取出α-纤维素,但过程特征各有不同。其中,有机溶剂分离实验过程耗时最长,碱液分离方法样品损失最大。相比之下,无机酸分离方法对于木乃伊化木化石α-纤维素提取的效率最高。     

页岩孔隙系统研究实验方法

基于页岩孔隙系统的特殊性,讨论了FESEM-QEMSCAN、FIB-FESEM、NANO-CT、氮气吸附法、小角中子散射等几种页岩孔隙系统研究方法的特点和适用范围。指出场发射扫描电镜以及与之结合的能谱和矿物定量评价系统(FESEM-QEMSCAN)是研究页岩纳米级孔隙类型、大小、形态以及矿物分布的基础手段;聚焦离子束扫描电镜、微纳米CT可刻画页岩孔隙系统在三维空间的展布特征,利用获得的三维数据体进行数值模拟,可进一步计算孔隙度、渗透率等物性参数;氮气吸附法可对小于100nm的极微孔隙的孔径、形态进行求算;小角中子散射则可利用孔隙中存在的气体分子,获得孔隙系统连通性等重要参数。最后从页岩岩石组构的角度,探讨了页岩孔隙控制因素,指出有机质含量与成熟度,黏土矿物类型、含量,碎屑颗粒的含量以及成岩强度是影响页岩孔隙系统的主要因素。     

碳酸锰氧化实验和热力学分析

通过对碳酸锰氧化实验的结果分析和讨论，建立了一种适合于锰氧化过程的非平衡热力学模型，并利用此模型对硫酸锰氧化过程作了热力学可行性分析，研究结果表明，碳酸锰氧化过程是矿物组合的变化过程，也是锰自身价态的转为过程，整个过程既存在平衡状态，又存在非平衡状态，是一个不可逆的，多相的复杂反应。     

强夯置换软土中碎石墩形成过程的试验研究

强夯置换工程要求保证夯沉量、置换墩长度等设计指标,通常通过试夯确定必要夯击次数。研究置换墩形成机制,确定夯锤能量释放时间、填料运动规律、锤底动压力等因素,对优化强夯置换工艺有重要作用。目前有关置换墩形成机制的研究较少,往往套用强夯工程的基本参数或机制来解决。针对这一问题设计了一种模型试验方法,研究强夯冲击下填料、软土与夯锤之间的相互作用过程。试验研究表明：每次夯击中夯锤的运动加速度曲线可以分为4个阶段,分别代表了夯锤作用下土体-填料的不同运动过程;通过分析夯锤的动态力-位移曲线,阐述各阶段随夯击和填料次数变化而发生的变化及原因;随填料次数的增加,在相同夯击能下,每次夯击中夯锤的能量释放时间减小,峰值动态力增加,这反映了随着夯击次数增加,软土基础中碎石墩逐渐形成的过程。     

Typhoon Vortex Self-Organization in a Baroclinic Environment

Self-organization of typhoon vortex in a baroclinic environment is studied based on eight numerical experiments with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5）. The results show that, when there are only two 400-km-away mesoscale axisymmetric vortices with a radius of 500 km in the initial field, the two vortices move away from each other during co-rotating till the distance between them greater than a critical distance named co-rotating critical distance. Then, they stop co-rotating. The situation is changed when a small vortex with a radius of 80 kin is introduced in between the two vortices in the initial field, with the two initially separated vortices approaching each other during their co-rotation, and finally self-organizing into a typhoon-like vortex consisting of an inner core and spiral bands. This result supports both Zhou Xiuji＇s view in 1994 and the studies in the barotropic framework concerning the interactions between the same and different scales of vortices. Six other experiments are carried out to study the effects of the initial vortex parameters, including the initial position of the small-scale vortex, the distance and intensity of the initially axisymmetric binary mesoscale vortices. It is found that the distance between the initial axisymmetrie mesoscale vortices is the most important parameter that influences the self-organizing process of the final typhoon-like vortex. This conclusion is similar to that obtained from barotropical model experiments.     

Tropospheric NO2 Columns over Northeastern North America： Comparison of CMAQ Model Simulations with GOME Satellite Measurements

We present comparisons of the NO2 regional Chemical Transport Model （CTM） simulations over North-eastern North America during the time period from May to September, 1998 with hourly surface NO2 observations and the NO2 columns retrieved from the GOME （Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment） satellite instrument. The model calculations were performed using the Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 （MM5）, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions （SMOKE）, and Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling systems, using the emission data from the National Emissions Inventory （NEI） databases of 1996 （U.S.） and 1995 （Canada）. The major objectives were to assess the performance of the CMAQ model and the accuracy of the emissions inventories as they affected the simulations of this important short-lived atmospheric species. The modeled （NcMAQ） and measured （NGOME） NO2 column amounts, as well as their temporal variations, agreed reasonably well. The absolute differences （NcMAQ-NGOME） across the domain were between ±3.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2, but they were less than ±1.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2 over the majority （80%） of the domain studied. The overall correlation coefficient between the measurements and the simulations was 0.75. The differences were mainly ascribed to a combination of inaccurate emission data for the CTM and the uncertainties in the GOME retrievals. Of these, the former were the more easily identifiable.     

黑河实验区地表净辐射区域分布及季节变化

利用卫星遥感信息和地面观测资料，分析研究黑河实验区地表净辐射的区域分布及季节变化特征。结果表明，卫星遥感结合地面观测，首先可以得到较为精确的地表反射率和地表温度分布，进而得到较为合理的地表净辐射的区域分布和季节变化特征。     

旋转扰动流体中壁面湍流不稳定及其拟序结构研究Ⅱ：数值模式

对第一部分的实验结果进行了讨论,指出局地最大、最小涡度的存在与所谓的正压不稳定和大气中经常观测到的滚动涡有关。速度廓线中的拐点和涡度极大值点对应不稳定发展的位置。另外,为了改进湍流的模拟,根据“准正则”近似,发展了一个三阶闭合模式。这个模型已被证明可以描述与湍流过程有关的流体动力学变量的趋势。