Aerosol Type Identification Using PARASOL Multichannel Polarized Data

PARASOL （Polarization ＆ Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Ob- servations from a Lidar） multi-channel and mul- ti-directional polarized data for different aerosol types were compared. The PARASOL polarized radiance data at 490 nm, 670 nm, and 865 nm increased with aerosol optical thickness （AOT） for fine-mode aerosols; however, the polarized radiances at 490 nm and 670 nm decreased as AOT increased for coarse dust aerosols. Thus, the vari- ation of the polarized radiance with AOT can be used to identify fine or coarse particle-dominated aerosols. Polar- ized radiances at three wavelengths for fine- and coarse-mode aerosols were analyzed and fitted by linear regression. The slope of the line for 670 nm and 490 nm wavelength pairs is less than 0.35 for dust aerosols. However, the value for fine-mode aerosols is greater than 0.60. The Support Vector Machine method （SVM） based on 12 vector features was used to discriminate clear sky, coarse dust aerosols, fine-mode aerosols, and cloud. Two cases were given and validated by AErosol RObotic NETwork （AERONET） measurements, MODIS （Mod- erate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） FMF （Fine Mode Fraction at 550 nm） images, PARASOL RGB （Red Green Blue） images, and CALIOP （Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization） VFM （Vertical Feature Mask） data.     

An Optical Disdrometer for Measuring Present Weather Parameters

A new present weather identifier（PWI） based on occlusion and scattering techniques is presented in the study. The present weather parameters are detectable by the meteorological optical range（MOR） approximately up to 50 km and by droplets with diameters ranging from 0.125 mm to 22 mm with velocities up to 16 m s-1. The MOR error is less than 8% for the MOR within 10 km and less than 15% for farther distances. Moreover, the size errors derived from various positions of the light sheet by the particles were checked within ± 0.1 mm ± 5%. The comparison shows that the MOR, in a sudden shower event, is surprisingly consistent with those of the sentry visibility sensors（SVS） with a correlation coefficient up to 98%. For the rain amounts derived from the size and velocity of the droplets, the daily sums by the PWI agree within 10% of those by the Total Rain Weighing Sensor（TRwS205） and the rain gauge. Combined with other sensors such as temperature, humidity, and wind, the PWI can serve as a present weather sensor to distinguish several weather types such as fog, haze, mist, rain, hail, and drizzle.     

海岛礁光学和雷达影像基于改进非子采样小波变换的自动配准

Homologous feature point extraction is a key problem in the optical and synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image registration for islands. A new feature point extraction method using a threshold shrink operator and non-subsampled wavelet transform （TSO-NSWT） for optical and SAR image registration was proposed. Moreover, the matching for this proposed feature was different from the traditional feature matching strategies and was performed using a similarity measure computed from neighborhood circles in low-frequency bands. Then, a number of reliably matched couples with even distributions were obtained, which assured the accuracy of the registration. Application of the proposed algorithm to SPOT-5 （multi-spectral） and YG-1 （SAR） images showed that a large number of accurately matched couples could be identified. Additionally, both of the root mean square error （RMSE） patterns of the registration parameters computed based on the TSO-NSWT algorithm and traditional NSWT algorithm were analyzed and compared, which further demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm can supply the crucial step for island image registration and island recognition.     

海冰对北极海冰边缘区大洋光学观测的影响评估

Diffuse attenuation coefficient(DAC) of sea water is an important parameter in ocean thermodynamics and biology, reflecting the absorption capability of sea water in different layers. In the Arctic Ocean, however, sea ice affects the radiance/irradiance measurements of upper ocean, which results in obvious errors in the DAC calculation. To better understand the impacts of sea ice on the ocean optics observations, a series of in situ experiments were carried out in the summer of 2009 in the southern Beaufort Sea. Observational results show that the profiles of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients of seawater near ice cover within upper surface of 50 m were not contaminated by the sea ice with a solar zenith angle of 55°, relative azimuth angle of 110°≤φ≤115° and horizontal distance between the sensors and ice edge of greater than 25 m. Based on geometric optics theory, the impact of ice cover could be avoided by adjusting the relative solar azimuth angle in a particular distance between the instrument and ice. Under an overcast sky, ice cover being 25 m away from sensors did not affect the profiles of spectral DACs within the upper 50 m either. Moreover, reliable spectral DACs of seawater could be obtained with sensors completely covered by sea ice.     

陕西关中气溶胶对大气能见度的影响研究

为了研究大气污染对能见度的影响,利用MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)产品、陕西关中地区43个气象观测站能见度资料、西安泾河太阳光度计CE318气溶胶观测资料以及泾河站风速、相对湿度、能见度观测资料,分别分析了卫星MODIS/AOD和地基CE318/AOD与能见度、低能见度日数的关系以及在不同风速、相对湿度时AOD与能见度的关系。结果表明,陕西关中MODIS/AOD的空间分布与能见度分布具有明显对应关系,冬、春季AOD与08:00(北京时,下同)能见度相关最好,夏、秋季AOD与14:00能见度相关最好。去除降水因素后,空气中颗粒物污染是造成秋、冬季出现低能见度的主要原因。地基观测的气溶胶波长指数在0.8~1.2之间时对能见度的影响最大。空气中颗粒物造成的能见度下降与相对湿度密切相关,湿度越大,能见度下降越明显。风速小,大气中的颗粒物容易聚集,使能见度变差;风速大,有利于空气中颗粒物扩散,使能见度得到改善。用AOD估算能见度时,需要考虑大气相对湿度和风速的影响。     

利用多通道的光学超晶格产生对, 纠缠的连续变量频率梳

提出了一种实验上可行的,通过光学谐振腔内多通道参量下转换过程直接产生多色连续变量对纠缠频率梳的方案,腔内增益介质为周期极化的准相位匹配的钽酸锂(LiTaO₃)一维光学超晶格.通过连续变量纠缠判据证明了每个通道中产生的每对参量光之间是相互纠缠的.讨论了对纠缠频率梳的纠缠特性随系统参数的变化.此方案在量子通信网络中有着一定的应用前景.     

基于无人机LiDAR和高空间分辨率卫星遥感数据的区域森林郁闭度估测模型

森林郁闭度是森林资源调查中的一个重要因子,对森林质量评价具有重要作用。随着人工智能技术和遥感技术的不断发展,研究如何利用深度学习有效协同不同空间覆盖能力的遥感数据实现区域森林郁闭度的估测具有重要意义。由此提出了一种协同应用高密度无人机激光雷达和高空间分辨率卫星遥感数据,对区域森林郁闭度进行定量估测的深度学习模型（UnetR）。对用于图像分类的Unet模型的损失函数进行改进,并在卷积层后加入批量归一化层,使其具有对连续变量进行定量估测的能力。与全卷积神经网络、随机森林和支持向量机回归模型进行对比实验。结果表明, UnetR模型的均方根误差较低,估测精度较高,为实现区域森林郁闭度遥感监测提供了一种人力成本低、自动化程度高的估测方法。     

集成型与智能型测绘卫星工程发展及其关键技术

航天对地观测已经成为全球对地观测的主要手段。本文简单梳理了国际上现有大地测量类对地观测卫星的概况,侧重分析了我国地形测量类对地观测卫星的贡献和存在的问题,未来对地观测卫星的发展趋势,载荷集成型综合测绘卫星发展的可能性及其面临的主要技术瓶颈。总体认为集成型测绘卫星尽管单星观测效率高,但是整体观测效益不高;分析了微小卫星密集组网型对地观测的可能性及其相应的关键技术,包括载荷模块化设计、卫星小型化设计、卫星最佳组网技术、数据传输技术、卫星在轨弹性调配技术和星上数据快速处理技术等;对未来智能卫星对地观测进行了展望,提出了相应的关键技术,包括星上观测智能识别技术、星间智能传输与星地智能传输技术、星上和地面智能数据处理技术等。此外,卫星的智能避障、运载火箭落点的智能跟踪和智能控制也是航天对地观测需要考虑的发展方向。     

面向任务的高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像智能压缩方法

随着对地观测系统以及空间信息网络的快速发展,中国已经建成星地一体化的对地观测系统。高分辨率遥感影像数据从GB级转向TB级,轻小型智能遥感卫星有限的带宽容量和存储空间都严重限制了遥感信息的智能实时服务,由此提出了一种面向任务的智能压缩方法。首先,基于遥感影像的数据特点以及轻小型智能遥感卫星星地数传的瓶颈,分析了传统在轨压缩算法的局限性,论述了面向任务的高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像智能压缩处理的重要性;其次,提出了基于珞珈三号01星平台面向任务的智能压缩方法,通过星上高质量成像和高精度几何定位获取观测区域;然后,根据不同的任务需求,利用信息提取模型获取感兴趣目标/区域;最后,利用压缩模型对该区域进行自适应码率分配来实现高倍率压缩任务,并生成码流文件回传到地面。针对不同的任务需求,合理分配码率,可通过该方法有效实现遥感影像的高倍率智能压缩。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000395

The study of fluid inclusions in high-grade rocks is especially challenging as the host minerals have been normally subjected to deformation, recrystallization and fluid-rock interaction so that primary in- clusions, formed at the peak of metamorphism are rare. The larger part of the fluid inclusions found in metamorphic minerals is typically modified during uplift. These late processes may strongly disguise the characteristics of the ＂original＂ peak metamorphic fluid. A detailed microstructural analysis of the host minerals, notably quartz, is therefore indispensable for a proper interpretation of fluid inclusions. Cathodoluminescence （CL） techniques combined with trace element analysis of quartz （EPMA, LA- [CPMS） have shown to be very helpful in deciphering the rock-fluid evolution. Whereas high-grade metamorphic quartz may have relatively high contents of trace elements like Ti and A1, low- temperature re-equilibrated quartz typically shows reduced trace element concentrations. The result- ing microstructures in CL can be basically distinguished in diffusion patterns （along microfractures and grain boundaries）, and secondary quartz formed by dissolution-reprecipitation. Most of these textures are formed during retrograde fluid-controlled processes between ca. 220 and 500 ℃, i.e. the range of semi-brittle deformation （greenschist-facies） and can be correlated with the fluid inclusions. In this way modified and re-trapped fluids can be identified, even when there are no optical features observed under the microscope.