A CRPS-Based Spatial Technique for the Verification of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts

Traditional precipitation skill scores are affected by the well-known“double penalty”problem caused by the slight spatial or temporal mismatches between forecasts and observations. The fuzzy (neighborhood) method has been proposed for deterministic simulations and shown some ability to solve this problem. The increasing resolution of ensemble forecasts of precipitation means that they now have similar problems as deterministic forecasts. We developed an ensemble precipitation verification skill score, i.e., the Spatial Continuous Ranked Probability Score (SCRPS), and used it to extend spatial verification from deterministic into ensemble forecasts. The SCRPS is a spatial technique based on the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) and the fuzzy method. A fast binomial random variation generator was used to obtain random indexes based on the climatological mean observed frequency, which were then used in the reference score to calculate the skill score of the SCRPS. The verification results obtained using daily forecast products from the ECMWF ensemble forecasts and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the OPERA datasets during June-August 2018 shows that the spatial score is not affected by the number of ensemble forecast members and that a consistent assessment can be obtained. The score can reflect the performance of ensemble forecasts in modeling precipitation and thus can be widely used.     

The Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream in CRA-40, ERA5, and CFSR Reanalysis Data:Comparative Assessment

The Asian subtropical westerly jet(AWJ) exerts crucial influences on Eurasian continent weather and climate. This paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of CRA-40, which is China's first generation 40-yr(1979–2018) global atmosphere and land reanalysis product, in describing the characteristics of AWJ, compared with the ECMWF Reanalysis version 5(ERA5) and NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR). The results show a close agreement across the three reanalyses on the whole.(1) In terms of climatology, overall differences of 200-h Pa zonal wind across the three reanalyses are within ± 0.5 m s^-1(i.e., ± 2%). Large differences with maxima of ± 2 m s^-1(±5%) appear over the Iranian Plateau and south of the Tibetan Plateau in the mid–upper troposphere in winter.(2) For seasonal cycle, the position and intensity of the AWJ centers in the three reanalyses are highly consistent, with correlation coefficient over 0.98. But there are some discrepancies in the zonal shift of the western AWJ center during the transition season.(3) On the interannual timescale, intensity of all AWJ centers varies consistently among the three reanalyses, while larger differences appear in their meridional displacement, especially in the eastern AWJ center.(4)For long-term variations, the three reanalyses all present a significant northward movement of the westerly jet axis in winter, and a southward displacement over central Asia(40°–80°E) and a northward migration over East Asia(80°–110°E) in summer. Thus, this study has provided confidence that CRA-40 has comparable performance with ERA5 and CFSR in depicting the characteristics of AWJ.     

一种融合单目视觉SLAM与GPS的无人机视频目标定位方法

提出一种融合单目视觉SLAM与机载GPS信息的无人机视频目标定位方法。首先利用单目视觉SLAM实时估计相机相对位姿,融合机载GPS数据,得到WGS84坐标系下的相机位姿估计;其次利用融合后的相机位姿将已知GPS路标投影到像平面,实现GPS路标与无人机监控视频的叠加显示;最后通过关键帧间的极线搜索匹配确定目标像素点的匹配点,并将其反投影到三维空间得其对应的GPS坐标,实现无人机监控视频中的GPS位置查询。实验验证了该方法的有效性、精确性与实时性。     

一种新的六自由度测量方法

针对空间中运动目标的六自由度测量,在研制的新型光笔基础上提出了一种六自由度测量方法。该方法既可以对目标进行六自由度测量,也可以进行单点测量。测量前,只要将光笔安装于被测目标上,利用激光跟踪仪技术和视觉测量技术分别获取光笔的位置和姿态;再将其位置与姿态融合于激光跟踪仪坐标系下的目标六自由度测量值。文中描述了六自由度测量系统的基本原理,并推导了测量系统中涉及到的关键算法。实验结果表明,该方法六自由度测量精度达到国外同类产品水平,基本满足高精度六自由度测量的需要。     

IGU精密星历在CORS网监测中的应用

针对IGS数据处理中心发布的最终精密星历不能用于CORS网实时监测的问题,分析了IGU(超快速精密星历)用于CORS网实时监测的可行性。根据不同IGU精密星历产品的精度和时延性,基于TEQC将美国康涅狄格州10个CORS站单天观测数据平均分为4个时段,利用GAMIT/GLOBK依次进行了精密定位解算,并与最终精密星历基线解算和网平差结果进行比对。结果表明:利用IGU预测部分与最终精密星历的基线解算结果坐标分量较差最大为0.17 mm;网平差后点位坐标分量偏差最大为0.11 mm。因此,IGU预测轨道可以对CORS网进行实时监测。     

车载移动测量系统在城市树木普查中的应用

针对城市树木普查,现有的采集和管理方法浪费大量的人力和物力,难以实现数据的快速更新和科学管理的问题,该文将车载移动测量系统应用于城市树木普查工作。介绍了该应用的工作流程,阐述了数据采集、处理的具体过程,实现了基于ArcGIS二次开发软件平台自动或半自动提取树木的平面位置和确定树木冠幅、胸径、树高和树种等属性的功能,并且集成城市树木数据库与街景系统,实现城市树木可视化监测,以及精细化、动态化、信息化的管理。     

轨迹数据的时间采样间隔对停留识别和出行网络构建的影响

个体轨迹数据已经广泛用于人群活动的研究中。在静止的局部空间开展的活动是个体日常生活的基本元素,在轨迹数据中对应停留部分。因此学者常从轨迹数据中识别停留来研究个体活动信息。然而,轨迹数据的时间采样间隔会对停留识别带来影响。针对该问题,首先提出了一个框架,量化不同持续时间长度的活动在不同时间采样间隔的轨迹数据中被识别为停留的概率。其次,考虑到个体出行网络依赖于停留识别结果,基于该框架,研究分析了时间采样间隔对出行网络分析结果的影响。最后,利用该框架分别对深圳市居民出行调查数据和手机轨迹数据进行了分析。研究表明,在面向人群活动的研究和应用中,该框架能支持时间采样间隔的选择决策和面向活动类型的研究结果评价。     

复杂地形地区月平均气温(混合)地理加权回归克里格插值

以地形地貌特征复杂、观测站点分布稀疏不均匀的四川省为研究区,引入地形因子（坡度和坡向）和植被指数,采用顾及空间关系非平稳性的（混合）地理加权回归克里格模型（（mixed）geographically weighted regression Kriging,（m）GWRK）进行月尺度平均气温插值方法及精度分析研究。针对不同季节和不同地区,将（m）GWRK插值结果与基于全局回归的回归克里格（regression Kriging,RK）插值结果进行对比。结果表明,RK、GWRK、mGWRK回归关系的决定系数R2分别为0.795、0.922、0.911,均方根误差分别为0.83℃、0.64℃、0.55℃,表明GWRK、mGWRK对目标变量的解释能力以及插值精度都优于RK;GWRK、mGWRK相对于RK对月平均气温插值的改进具有季节与地区差异,冬半年的改进大于夏半年,在地形地貌变化大的地区改进大于地形地貌变化小的地区。     

多GNSS系统精密定轨ISB/IFB估计及特性分析

多全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）系统联合精密定轨需要考虑系统间及频率间偏差的影响。推导了多GNSS定轨系统间偏差（inter system bias,ISB）/频率间偏差（inter frequency bias,IFB）解算模型,以GPS系统硬件延迟为基准,给出了一种消除ISB/IFB秩亏的约束方法。试验数据结果表明,各系统ISB/IFB均表现出良好的稳定性及同一系统各卫星时间序列的一致性,BDS ISB的标准差为0.36 ns,Galileo ISB的标准差为0.18 ns,GLONASS IFB的标准差为0.51 ns;在接收机类型相同的情况下,不同跟踪站的ISB比较接近,但仍可达到ns级差异;GLONASS IFB在同一跟踪站相同频道号的卫星及不同跟踪站相同频道号卫星均表现出了良好的一致性。     

基于轻便型移动测量系统的立面测量方法研究

介绍了轻便型移动测量系统的构成及工作原理,提出利用该系统及相关软件进行外业采集和内业点云处理及建筑物立面图件绘制的技术方案,通过工程实例和精度比对验证了轻便型移动测量系统运用在立面数据获取的可行性。