河岸带潜流层动态过程与生态修复

河岸带潜流层是河岸带内地表水与地下水相互作用的生态交错带,在水文地理学、生态学、环境学上含义不尽相同。河岸带潜流层具有复杂的垂向、横向、纵向结构特征,其边缘效应显著,表现为泥沙、水流、生物、环境化学因子之间的复杂动态过程,主要包括水动力动态过程、生态学过程、溶质循环与化学过程等。水动力动态过程是驱动条件,氧气浓度是生态过程、溶质循环和化学过程的决定性因素。在各动态过程的驱动下,河岸带潜流层具有调蓄洪水、削减污染、净化缓冲环境和提供适宜栖息地等功能。针对河岸带潜流层功能退化的问题,需开展健康诊断,明确致病机理,实施适宜的生态修复。未来中国在开展河岸带潜流层研究时,应根据中国河岸带特点,采用示踪试验、数值模拟等方法,集成GIS等现代技术手段,研究多尺度下,水文条件、地形变化、土壤渗透系数、河岸带建设方式、植被分布等对河岸带潜流层水文、热传导、生化、生态等的影响机制,准确界定河岸带潜流层区域范围,制定适宜的生态修复策略。     

Second-Oorder Analytic Solutions of Nonlinear Interactions of Edge Waves on A Plane Sloping Bottom

Based on the full water-wave equation, a second-order analytic solution for nonlinear interaction of short edge waves on a constant plane sloping bottom is presented in this paper. For special case of slope angle b=p/2, this solution can be reduced to the same order solution of deep water gravity surface waves traveling along parallel coastline. Interactions between two edge waves including progressive, standing and partially reflected standing waves were also discussed. The unified analytic expressions with transfer functions for kinematic-dynamic elements of edge waves were also discussed. The random model of the unified wave motion processes for linear and nonlinear irregular edge waves is formulated, and the corresponding theoretical autocorrelation and spectral density functions of the first and second orders are derived. The boundary conditions for the determining determination of the parameters of short edge wave are suggested, that may be seen as one special simple edge wave excitation mechanism and an extension to the sea wave refraction theory. Finally some computation results are demonstrated.     

四川通江—南江—巴中地区长兴组—飞仙关组沉积模式

有关通江—南江—巴中地区长兴组—飞仙关组沉积模式及其空间分布的研究较少,并且较为粗略。以前认为该区发育开阔台地、缓坡和盆地等沉积相沉积,但对缓坡相尚未进行详细的划分,是否存在台地边缘礁滩相带未能提出明确的认识。因此,利用新的资料,开展长兴组—飞仙关组沉积相研究对通南巴地区的油气勘探具有非常重要的意义。本文在以往研究的基础上,利用地表露头和地震资料,初步建立了通南巴地区长兴组—飞仙关组沉积模式,认为该区存在台地边缘礁滩相带,建议油气勘探部门给予重视。     

基于网格模板的最小欧式距离准则图像自动拼接技术

提出一种结合网格模板和最小欧式距离准则的图像自动拼接方法。方法选取图像重叠部分作为处理对象，运用边缘检测自动获取基准图像特征块，并提出基于网格模板的最小欧式距离准则用于计算匹配点，最后使用图像融合技术消除接缝。应用证明该方法拼接准确快速，实现简单，适合大部分图像拼接应用的需要。     

基于对比度增强和形态学的遥感影像道路提取

提出了一种基于对比度增强和形态学的遥感影像道路边界与特征点提取的方法。先对遥感影像进行对比度变换增强,通过对比分析直方图均衡化和对比度分段线性增强两种方法获取的增强影像,选取区分度大的分段线性增强方法进行影像增强,然后运用数学形态法进行影像分割,实现道路和其他图像信息的有效分离。利用Krisch算子进行边缘检测提取道路的边缘信息,并基于边缘特征利用改进的Harris算子提取特征点,将提取的特征点进行拟合并用函数模型描述图像道路信息,用于后期制图中道路信息的矢量化。     

穿过张家口—渤海地震带西缘的折射剖面所揭示的地壳上地幔构造与速度结构

近期完成的北北东向的繁峙～太仆寺旗宽角反射／折射剖面,由山西断隆进入内蒙地轴,它穿过了山西地震带的大同～阳高震区和北西西向张家口～渤海地震带的西北缘。其主要目的是探测研究张～渤地震带及其两侧壳幔构造与速度结构的差异及其与地震活动的相关性。结果表明：张～渤地震带壳内界面及莫霍面较其两侧有１．０～２．０ｋｍ的不同程度的上隆;在阳原～张家口之间地壳结构纵向与横向非均匀性明显,上地壳和下地壳上部有局部的速度逆转,下地壳下部的低速层由山西断隆一直延伸至内蒙地轴,上地幔顶部的速度梯度明显增大;在阳原、怀安和张北附近分别存在着延伸至莫霍面的地壳深断裂带;在内蒙地轴一系列壳内界面不明显。     

Copper Speciation in a Collection of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Sequential Extraction and Evaluation of the Validity Using XANES Spectroscopy

Copper speciation in a collection of Japanese geochemical reference materials (JSO‐1, JLk‐1, JSd‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4, JMs‐1 and JMs‐2) was achieved by sequential extraction and characterised using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy. In the first step of the extraction, referred to as the acid fraction, between 1% and 20% total Cu within the reference materials was extracted. Such a result is typically accounted for by absorption of Cu onto clay minerals. However, the presence of Cu sulfate (an oxidation product of chalcopyrite) was observed in some of the stream sediments affected by mining activity (JSd‐2 and JSd‐3) instead. Copper was extracted in the reducible fraction (targeting Fe hydroxide and Mn oxide) (2–49% total Cu). Between 2% and 51% Cu was extracted in the oxidised fraction (targeting sulfides and organic matter). X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy clarified that the reducible fraction consisted of Cu bound to Fe hydroxide, whereas the oxidised fraction was a mixture of Cu bound to humic acid (HA) and Cu sulfide. In the oxidisable fraction, chalcopyrite was the predominant species identified in JSd‐2, and Cu bound to HA was the major species identified in JSO‐1 (a soil sample).     

三种遥感反演海岸线方法的实验对比分析

在分析海岸线提取算法基础上,以环渤海的Landsat7 ETM+影像为数据源,以基岩海岸线和淤泥质海岸线两种典型的海岸线为研究对象,采用Sobel边缘检测算法、阈值分割法和K最邻近分类算法进行海岸线提取实验。通过实验对比分析,归纳和总结了针对不同类型海岸线提取算法的适用性。     

Clinoform architecture and along‐strike facies variability through an exhumed erosional to accretionary basin margin transition

Exhumed basin margin‐scale clinothems provide important archives for understanding process interactions and reconstructing the physiography of sedimentary basins. However, studies of coeval shelf through slope to basin‐floor deposits are rarely documented, mainly due to outcrop or subsurface dataset limitations. Unit G from the Laingsburg depocentre (Karoo Basin, South Africa) is a rare example of a complete basin margin scale clinothem (>60 km long, 200 m‐high), with >10 km of depositional strike control, which allows a quasi‐3D study of a preserved shelf‐slope‐basin floor transition over a ca. 1,200 km² area. Sand‐prone, wave‐influenced topset deposits close to the shelf‐edge rollover zone can be physically mapped down dip for ca. 10 km as they thicken and transition into heterolithic foreset/slope deposits. These deposits progressively fine and thin over tens of km farther down dip into sand‐starved bottomset/basin‐floor deposits. Only a few km along strike, the coeval foreset/slope deposits are bypass‐dominated with incisional features interpreted as minor slope conduits/gullies. The margin here is steeper, more channelized and records a stepped profile with evidence of sand‐filled intraslope topography, a preserved base‐of‐slope transition zone and sand‐rich bottomset/basin‐floor deposits. Unit G is interpreted as part of a composite depositional sequence that records a change in basin margin style from an underlying incised slope with large sand‐rich basin‐floor fans to an overlying accretion‐dominated shelf with limited sand supply to the slope and basin floor. The change in margin style is accompanied with decreased clinoform height/slope and increased shelf width. This is interpreted to reflect a transition in subsidence style from regional sag, driven by dynamic topography/inherited basement configuration, to early foreland basin flexural loading. Results of this study caution against reconstructing basin margin successions from partial datasets without accounting for temporal and spatial physiographic changes, with potential implications on predictive basin evolution models.     

桩土体系相互作用的计算机仿真分析

以一维应力波理论为基础,应用桩土体系相互作用的数值模拟方法,得到了反映桩中应力波的传播过程及反射特性的桩身各点振动速度空间曲面;模拟分析了各类桩身缺陷对桩的振动特性的影响,并将理论曲线与实测曲线进行拟合对比。结果表明:两者基本一致。