中国大陆科学钻探工程简介

随着航天技术的发展开辟了人类通往宇宙星际的大门,一个与之相呼应的“入地“计划应运而生,这就是直接观测地球陆壳的“大陆科学钻探”。作为伸入地球内部的“望远镜”,大陆科学深钻是当代地球科学具有划时代意义的大科学工程,是解决当代人类面临的资源、灾害和环境等重大问题的重要途径之一。 由于大陆科学钻探对当代经济、社会发展和科学进步具有重大意义,自70年代以来,俄、德、法、日、美和英等国家实施了大陆钻探,取得令人瞩目的科学研究成果,并带动了钻探和相关科学技术的大发展。     

滦平盆地沉积-构造演化及高精度层序地层特征

为了确切描述扇三角洲各相带空间分布形态与规模, 以便与地下相同类型的沉积体进行比较, 采用精细露头层序地层学的方法, 重点对滦平盆地晚期阶段发育的扇三角洲序列进行了高精度层序划分.在幕式构造作用下, 滦平盆地经历了5期火山喷发和构造沉降演化阶段.在分析目前高精度层序划分意见的基础上, 提出了以初始水泛面作为划分四级层序界面的观点, 建立了若干界面识别标志; 提出了划分五级层序的基本原则.按照上述观点, 对滦平盆地所研究层段进行了高精度层序划分, 共划分了2个层序、15个四级层序和40多个五级层序.剖析了滦平扇三角洲沉积构成, 认为它是属同生断裂构造控制的近源陡坡粗粒浅水为主的扇三角洲体系, 发育了3种沉积组合, 共17种成因相.概括了盆地构造活动性对扇三角洲发育的3种控制模式, 即构造平静期干旱气候发育了缓坡浅水型扇三角洲; 沉降作用为主的构造活动期发育陡坡半深水-浅水型扇三角洲; 盆缘抬升为主的构造活动期则发育陡坡粗粒扇三角洲.研究结论对于中国东部类似盆地的沉积体系类比以及能源勘探开发都具有借鉴意义.      

Oceanographic conditions on the Weddell Sea Shelf during the German Antarctic Expedition 1979/80

Hydrographic (CTD), current and water level measurements obtained in the vicinity of the floating Ronne and Filchner Ice Shelves are presented. The distribution of Western Shelf Water (S > 34.7) and Ice Shelf Water (T<−1.9°C) are discussed. The general circulation in the area seems to consist of two large cyclonic gyres, one in the Filchner Depression and one north of the Ronne Ice Shelf. Each gyre shows a'warm'(T 1°C) southgoing flow of Modified Weddell Deep Water and a cold northward flow of Ice Shelf Water. The mean surface current was found to be 8cm/s towards the north-west along the barrier. The mean flow below the ice shelf shows significant components normal to the barrier, and mixing seems to be very efficient here. Well mixed layers down to more than 150 m were observed. North of Berkner Island the water level shows a typical mixed tide with tidal range ∼3m. In the tidal currents the semidiurnal constituents dominate (∼30cm/s) and with the largest current components normal to the barrier.     

Hydrographic observations from the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1976/77

CTD observations from the southern Weddell Sea in 1977 show that Ice Shelf Water originating under the floating Filchner Ice Shelf overflows at the sill of the Filchner Depression and can be identified on the continental slope at more than 2000m depth. Intrusions of Weddell Deep Water upon the shelf are especially noticeable in the region of dense shelf water outflow and are possibly driven by the outflow. Anomalous low core temperature of Weddell Deep Water is probably related to winter convection in the Weddell Polynya. Anomalous CTD stations at the periphery of the 1976 winter polynya region indicate that deep convection phenomena, as reported by Gordon (1978), are perhaps quite common. The observations indicate that double diffusive convection is important for vertical heat transport in the central Weddell Sea.     

“重庆雾”动力统计预报模型

本文首先对重庆雾1981～1987年159个例进行500hPa、700hPa、850hPa各气象要素的相关和合成分析,得到了影响重庆雾的主要因子和主要关键区以及雾发生时24小时以前各层要素场的异常特征。在此基础上,对重庆雾进行了分类,用关键区的因子作为自变量,利用逐步回归残差订正和模型集成,建立起重庆雾24小时预报模型,并设计成软件系统,在IBM机上自动预报。     

1956年1月9日至14日在中国的北京和匈牙利的索坡倫两处同时观测大地电流的结果

在不久以前關於大地電流場的研究曾受到了一番鼓舞。C.和M.斯郎波澤曾指出大地電流是一個新的地球物理勘探法的基礎,因此人們已經注意研究這些電流的本質和它們與地磁及天電的關係。闕於這一方面的基本文獻是M.斯郎波澤和G.孔湼茲的論文,在此論文里也包含着關於大地電流的振盪的研究。這篇論文是根據在     

Neogene non-marine sedimentation and tectonics in small pull-apart basins of the San Andreas fault system, Sonoma County, California

The San Andreas fault system in northern California forms an 80–90 km wide zone of right-lateral shear. Extensional tectonism within this broad shear zone is indicated by both Neogene silicic volcanic rocks that gradually young in the direction of shear propagation to the north-west and by numerous Neogene faultbounded structural basins filled with thick non-marine sequences. The Little Sulphur Creek basins, three well-exposed 1·5–2 km wide pull apart basins within this shear system, have sedimentation patterns analogous to those of much larger pull-apart basins. They were formed and subsequently deformed by east-west extension and by north-west to south-east-orientated right-slip concurrently with basin filling. Palaeocurrent and maximum-clast size data indicate both lateral sediment transport from fault-bounded basin margins and longitudinal transport down the basin axes. The basins are filled primarily with coarse alluvial-fan and streamflow deposits derived from a surrounding igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic provenance. Two of the basins contain basin-plain-type lacustrine turbidites that grade laterally into distal alluvial fan, fan-delta, and sublacustrine delta deposits. Talus deposits along the south-west margin of the basins contain megabreccia indicative of active uplift. Structures indicative of dewatering, liquefaction, and slumping suggest penecontemporaneous tectonism.     

A first coincident normal-incidence and wide-angle approach to studying the extending Aegean crust

The Aegean Sea is a broad area of submerged continental crust undergoing active extension to varying degrees. A combined near-normal incidence and wide-angle seismic recording programme was conducted in the western Aegean Sea in 1993, with the principal objective of testing the popular hypothesis that lower crustal deformation (particularily extension) is expressed as a seismically “layered lower crust” (LLC). Across the southern margin of the Cretan trough (i.e. North Cretan offshore margin), a LLC was indicated by wide-angle arrivals that was not apparent on either the coincident near-normal-in-cidence profile or on older low-frequency refraction records. North of the northern margin of the Cretan Trough, beneath the Cyclades, a domain of strong reflectivity is recorded from the middle to lower crust. Here, the near-normal incidence sections also show this typical LLC reflectivity. On the wide-angle sections, a distinct interface is suggested in addition, at a larger depth than that previously assumed for the Moho discontinuity. The structural images and interpretations derived from the new seismic data so far do not clearly support either a pure-shear crustal stretching or an asymmetric simple-shear extension model for the Aegean Sea. Our results appear to be consistent with a tectonic model, where middle crust mobilised by flow coincides spatially with upper crust that has been thinned by active extension of an orogenically thickened crust and expressed near the surface as an exhumed metamorphic core complex.