Vinciennite and Cu-excess tennantite from the Layo (Cu,Sn, As,Au) epithermal deposit (Southern Peru)

Summary The Layo epithermal deposit, cutting Miocene-Pliocene calc-alkaline volcanites of the Tacaza group, includes a well-developed eastern zone (Vetas 7 and 8) in which brecciated and banded textures are associated with a large, intensely argillized zone containing diaspore and alunite. The vetas contain a typical Cu-As mineralogy of the acid-sulfate type (pyrite, enargite, Cu-excess tennantite, chalcopyrite, covellite) with an associated original stanniferous paragenesis including vinciennite and mawsonite. The vinciennite is close to the ideal end-member (Cu₁₀Fe₄SnAsS₁₆) and the Cu-excess tennantite (Cu₁₁FeAs₄S₁₃) shows a total absence of Zn and Ag; its very specific chemical composition suggests that all the iron is Fe³⁺, equilibrated by Cu⁺ and probably minor Cu²⁺.This particular mineralogical association implies deposition at relatively low temperature (sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">300°C) and high aS₂ (10^–6.5 decreasing to 10^–8.5), from a Cu-S-rich and Fe-Zn-poor fluid. The acid-sulfate epithermal mineralization of the eastern vetas of Layo appears to have preceded an adularia-sericite epithermal mineralization expressed in the western vetas of Layo and also in the nearby large epithermal veins at Orcopampa and Shila. It also supports the genetic relationship that is commonly evoked between porphyry copper and epithermal deposits.

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Le minéralogie originale à vinciente et tennantite riche du gisement épithermal (Cu, Sn, As, Au) de Layo (Sud Péru)

Résumé Le gîte épithermal de Layo est encaissé dans les volcanites calco-alcalines Miocène-Pliocène du groupe de Tacaza. Sa zone orientale renferme des corps minéralisés (Vetas 7 et 8) bien développés, à textures bréchiques et rubanées associées à une large zone intensément argilisée contenant diaspore et alunite.Les vetas présentent une association minéralogique à As-Cu typique des gisements acide-sulfate (pyrite, énargite, tennantite riche en cuivre, chalcopyrite, covellite) et une paragenèse stannifère originale renfermant vinciennite et mawsonite. La vinciennite est proche du pôle théorique (Cu₁₀Fe₄SnAsS₁₆) et la tennantite riche en Cu (Cu₁₁FeAs₄S₁₃) est dépourvue de Zn et de Ag; sa composition chimique suggère que tout le fer se présente sous la forme Fe³⁺, en équilibre avec Cu⁺, avec probablement une participation mineure de Cu²⁺.Cette association minéralogique particulière implique une mise en place sous forte fugacité en soufre (aS₂ = 10^–6.5 décroissant jusqu'à 10^–8.5) à une température relativement basse de l'ordre de 300°C à partir d'un fluide riche en Cu et S et pauvre en Fe et Zn. La minéralisation de type acide-sulfate des vetas orientales de Layo précéderait celles de type adulaire-sericite des vetas occidentales de Layo et des gisements voisins de Orcopampa et Shila. Elle contribue à renforcer le lien fréquemment évoqué entre les porphyres cuprifères et les gisements épithermaux.

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With 10 Figures     

Accommodation of lithospheric shortening on Mercury from altimetric profiles of ridges and lobate scarps measured during MESSENGER flybys 1 and 2

The Mercury Laser Altimeter on the NASA MESSENGER mission has ranged to several ridges and lobate scarps during two equatorial flybys of the planet Mercury. The tectonic features sampled, like others documented by spacecraft imaging and Earth-based radar, are spatially isolated and have vertical relief in excess of 1 km. The profiles also indicate that the faulting associated with their formation penetrated to tens of kilometers depth into the lithosphere and accommodated substantial shortening. To gain insight into the mechanism(s) of strain accommodation across these structures, we perform analytical and numerical modeling of representative dynamic localization mechanisms. We find that ductile localization due to shear heating is not favored, given our current understanding of thermal gradients and shallow thermal structure of Mercury at the time of ridge and scarp formation, and is likely to be of secondary importance at best. Brittle localization, associated with loss of resistance during fault development or with velocity weakening during sliding on mature faults, is weakly localizing but permits slip to accumulate over geological time scales. The range of shallow thermal gradients that produce isolated faults rather than distributed fault sets under the assumption of modest fault weakening is consistent with previous models for Mercury’s early global thermal history. To be consistent with strain rates predicted from thermal history models and the amount of shortening required to account for the underlying large-offset faults, ridges and scarps on Mercury likely developed over geologically substantial time spans.     

太阳射电分米波U型暴分析

本文介绍了由捷克Ondˇrejov天文台观测到的 1 992年 8月 2 2日 1 2 :36 :2 6— 1 2 :36 :32UT发生的U型暴 ,U型暴的频率范围为 1 .0— 2 .8GHz,在国际上尚属首例 .从分析得到以下几点结论 :(1 )上下臂的频漂率分别为 1 .2 5和 0 .2 2 5GHz/s,其电子束流的速度分别为 0 .38c和 0 .2 6c ,它是由等离子体二次谐波发射造成的 .(2 )上升臂的爆发衰减时间常数大于下降臂的 .(3)频谱极大频率随时间变化呈现出从高频到低频再到高频的变化 .(4)上升臂的频宽大于下降臂的约一倍左右 ,这与上升臂频漂远大于下降臂的有关 .(5 )从频宽得到上、下臂的速度弥散分别为 (Δvv) a=0 .42和 (Δvv) d=0 .47.     

Selection of the data time interval for the prediction of maximum ozone concentrations

This paper highlights the problem of step-length selection for the one-step-ahead prediction of ozone called the data time interval. This is done using a case study-based comparison of two approaches for predicting the maximum daily values of tropospheric ozone. The first approach is the 1-day-ahead prediction and the second is the prediction of the maximum values based on a multi-step-ahead iteration of 1-h predictions. Gaussian process modelling is utilised for this comparison. In particular, evolving Gaussian-process models are used that update on-line with the incoming measurement data. These sorts of models have been successfully used in the past for the prediction of ozone pollution. This paper contributes an assessment of the way that the maximum ozone values are predicted. A comparison of the daily maximum ozone values forecasted by a model based on 1-day-ahead predictions with those obtained by iterated 1-h-ahead predictions of the ozone with predictions at predetermined hours of the day is given. The forecast results are in favour of the on-line model based on hourly predictions when approaching closer to the real maximum values of ozone, and in favour of the daily predictions when they are made on a daily basis.     

South East Europe electricity roadmap – modelling energy transition in the electricity sectors

One of the most important challenges for the South East Europe region will be replacing more than 30% of its presently installed fossil fuel generation capacity by the end of 2030, and more than 95% by 2050 if its age structure is considered. This requires a strong policy framework to incentivise new investments in a region currently lacking investors, but also presents an opportunity to shape the electricity sector over the long term according to the broader energy transition strategy of the EU and the Energy Community. The aim of this paper is to assess what type of long-term pathways exist for electricity sector development in the region if they follow the energy transition process of the EU. In this model-based scenario assessment, long term electricity sector futures are explored using a set of interlinked electricity models evaluating the level of renewable energy investment required in the region to reach a deep decarbonization target, assuming emission reduction above 94% by 2050 compared to 1990 in line with the long term market integration and climate policy goals of the EU. It also explores what are the most important system wide impacts of the high deployment of renewable energy concerning generation adequacy and security of supply.

si="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table">Key policy insights

• Energy policies in the South East Europe (SEE) region, both at the national and regional level, should focus on enabling renewable energy integration, as this will be a key component of the future energy mix.

• EU and Energy Community policies should be incorporated into national energy planning to ensure that SEE countries embark on the energy transition process at an early stage.

• Stranded costs should be carefully considered in decision-making on new fossil-fuel generation and gas network investment in order to avoid lock-in to carbon intensive technologies.

• If consistent decarbonization policy prevails, with a significant and persistent CO2 price signal, the role of natural gas remains transitory in the region.

• The SEE region offers relatively cheap decarbonization options: the power sector can reduce GHG emissions above 94% by 2050 in the modelled scenarios.

     

滇西实验场区地壳密度时变特征与强震机理研究

利用重力与水准资料分析研究了滇西背景单层密度变化图像和1985～1992年单层密度时变特征,结果显示其与断裂活动、地震活动明显相关,特别是1996年丽江地震的孕育可能与洱源至剑川或鹤庆的串珠状低波数时变异常带及背景地壳密度变化梯级带有关。基于此,结合已有地震前兆或孕育模式,从地壳运动角度初步提出了地壳内部密度时变的强震前兆模式或发震机制。     

江苏茅山地区新生代岩石地层层序

在野外调查和搜集资料的基础上,系统论述了江苏茅山地区瓣生代岩石地层层序,自下而上分为：古近系（下第三系）泰州组、阜宁组、戴南组、三垛组;新近系（上第三系）洞玄观组、雨花台组、方山组;第四系丫吉山组、中更新统、下罚组、全新统。     

黑河出山径流的非线性特征分析

应用非线性动力学的理论和方法,对黑河出山径流的非线性特征进行了分析.结果表明,黑河月出山径流的年内分布、年平均流量的一次峰、谷变化符合单重或双重威布尔分布,并具有自相似性质.黑河出山径流多年变化在相空间中的运动轨迹收缩到一个约为4.32维的吸引子上,而描述流量的动力方程需要8个独立变量.黑河出山径流的非线性特征还表现在对内部结构为非线性函数的输入输出模型的良好应用上,如GRNN神经网络模型、非线性回归模型等.     

Factors triggering landslide occurrence on the Zemun loess plateau,Belgrade area,Serbia

Among the numerous factors that trigger landslide events, the anthropogenic impact caused by inadequate planning and faulty land use in urban areas is increasing. The Zemun settlement on the northern outskirts of Belgrade has experienced a number of landslides in the last three decades, endangering buildings and roads, and claiming human lives, particularly in the case of the 2010/2011 landslides. Selected meteorological parameters were used to calculate rainfall erosivity indices such as Precipitation Concentration Index and Modified Fournier Index over the period 1991–2015. Drought indices, Lang aridity index and Palfai Drought Index were calculated as well. Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to identify potential rising and/or declining trends both in meteorological parameters and calculated indices. Trend analysis of the annual and seasonal scales yielded a statistically significant trend in the spring time series. Stable arid and pronounced drought conditions were recorded. The modified Fournier index based on monthly mean values yields moderate aggressiveness, with several extreme values indicating very high erosivity classes, especially for 2010/2011. The geological substrate is predominantly loess and hence highly susceptible to erosion and slope failure when climatological conditions are suitable. Accelerated urbanization at the end of the last century reduced vegetation cover, intensified pressure on the vertical loess slope, and lacked suitable rain drainage systems so that surface-water runoff was directed into the porous loess, thereby endangering slope stability. We proposed a geomorphic model to describe the nature of the erosional processes on the loess cliffs of the Zemun loess plateau. Results from this study have implications for mitigation strategies.     

The metallogenic relationship between Birimian and Tarkwaian gold deposits in Ghana

The traditional concept of the Early Proterozoic gold deposits in Ghana — i.e. gold-bearing shear zones overlain by Tarkwaian paleoplacers containing reworked gold derived from the shear-zones — needs to be reconsidered in the light of recent research in Ghana, the Ivory Coast and French Guiana. This research has revealed a consistent pattern of geostructural and metallogenic evolution in which both the Birimian and the Tarkwaian rocks were deformed by a major Eburnean compression (D2). It has shown that the NE-SW faults controlling the Gold Coast Range shear-zone mineralization (Ashanti-Prestea) were formed during the Eburnean D2 episode of thrusting that was followed by hydrothermal activity with the emplacement of auriferous arsenopyrite and then by the development of quartz veinlets and native gold; thus the shear-zone mineralization could only have appeared during the D2 late-orogenic stage. It has also shown evidence of post-depositional D2 deformation in the gold sites examined in the Tarkwa gold-bearing conglomerate, although the effects are limited and primary lithological controls have been preserved that reveal these deposits to be modified paleo-placers. Thus, the Tarkwaian gold could not be derived from the gold-bearing shear-zones.