A new conception of image texture and remote sensing image segmentation based on Markov random field

The texture analysis is often discussed in image processing domain, but most methods are limited within gray-level image or color image, and the present conception of texture is defined mainly based on gray-level image of single band. One of the essential characters of remote sensing image is multidimensional or even high-dimensional, and the traditional texture conception cannot contain enough information for these. Therefore, it is necessary to pursuit a proper texture definition based on remote sensing i...     

不同立地类型红树林修复效果评价——以深圳湾为例

为解明不同立地红树林生态修复效果,本研究以深圳湾滨海红树林修复工程为研究对象,选取植物生长状况、修复完成情况和沉积物环境参数3个标准层,以未修复区和裸滩区为对照,分析强风浪海滩、低潮带海滩和砾石质海滩立地条件下红树林修复后的植物群落结构特征和环境质量特征,并基于层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)对其修复效果进行综合评价。结果表明：修复3年后,强风浪海滩和低潮带海滩红树植物的保存率明显高于砾石质海滩,均高于60%。沉积物有机质（TOM）、总磷（TP）、溶解无机氮（DIN）和硝酸盐（NO-3 N）含量提高,说明红树林修复对沉积物环境质量有改善作用。深圳湾红树林修复效果评分为：砾石质海滩(3.754)<低潮带海滩(4.397)<强风浪海滩(4.895)。总体而言,深圳湾滨海红树林修复工程的修复效果为优良。     

西安市土地利用与环境关系的协调研究

In this paper we adopt annual land use conditions change data, land sifting data, social, economic and population data and environment information of nine districts and four counties in Xi＇an city from 1980 to 2000 to analyze its structural and degree change of land use since the 1980s, and calculate the benefits and transformation of land use type. The results show that the non-agricultural land increased rapidly, especially the urban and rural residential spots and industrial and mining （RIM） land use increased mostly rapidly, an increase of 64%. Meanwhile, the intensity of land exploitation was accelerating, land was transformed to industries with better benefit and areas experiencing faster urbanization process. By analyzing the harmonious degree of land exploitation in economic and environmental aspects, we find out that the land use imbalance mainly existed in the municipal area of Xi＇an, and the imbalance index of land use based on GDP and non-agricultural population were respectively 12.37 and 14.67 in 2000, which were far higher than those in other regions. Nevertheless the environmental harmonious degree in the municipal area of Xi＇an ranges between 0.6 and 0.8, which was better than that of suburban area. Some proposals addressing to the problems of harmonious level in all scales, resources utilization, projects management and feasibility analysis and intensive urbanization are also put forward.     

施力方式对半地堑反转构造变形特征影响的物理模拟实验研究

根据断层的上下盘施力方式的不同设计了两组实验,以探讨在刚性边界条件下的半地堑反转构造的变形特点。实验结果表明(1)在自由边界基底驱动下形成的盆地反转规模较大,刚性边界处会沿原断层发生反转,而在自由端断层不会反转,但会形成深部低角度逆冲滑脱断层;(2)在刚性下盘侧向驱动下很小的挤压量就会形成盆地的反转,但是反转的范围较小,随着原设边界断层的角度由小到大,盆地内的断层会发生由刚性边界处单侧发生反转到两侧边界断层发生近对称式反转的变化;(3)实验结果证实了辽河坳陷西部凹陷反转构造是在刚性下盘为主动盘挤压变形下形成的。     

区域历史人口空间格局精细化重建:方法与实证

以清中期（1736~1820年）苏州府为例,探索历史时期人口空间分布的影响机制,构建历史人口空间分布适宜性计算方法,在2个典型时段（1776年、1820年）重建1 km×1 km空间格网下的人口数据集。研究结果表明:① 在数量上,1776年,苏州府人口总量为511.1万,其中城市人口120.1万,农村人口391.0万;1820年,总人口为590.8万,其中城市168.7万,农村422.1万;城市人口增长速率明显快于农村人口。② 空间格局上,1776~1820年,苏州府中部的吴县、长洲、元和等县人口较为集中,东北部昭文、新阳及中南部吴江、震泽等县较为稀疏,但区域间差异渐趋缩小;人口增长主要集中在城镇区域,较高等级城镇人口集聚特征更为显著。③ 通过与当地历史文献及现代人口格局进行相关性和趋势检验,总体特征、分布趋势和变化特点具有一致性。     

基于植被盖度和高度的不同退化程度高寒草地地上生物量估算

由于气候变化和不合理的人类活动,20世纪80年代以来青藏高原高寒草地发生严重退化。地上生物量是评价草地退化的直观指标。通常采用植被盖度和高度来估算草地地上生物量,但草地退化后,植被盖度和高度与地上生物量之间的关系是否会发生变化目前还不清楚,这影响着退化草地生物量估算的精度。通过多元回归分析研究了青藏高原中部和东北部高寒草甸、高寒草原在不同退化程度下植被盖度和高度与地上生物量的关系。结果表明：（1）高寒草甸与高寒草原地上生物量整体上及不同退化阶段都没有显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）随着退化程度的加剧植被盖度和高度对地上生物量的影响也发生改变,体现在未退化阶段地上生物量主要受植被高度影响,退化后主要受植被盖度影响。（3）无论是高寒草甸还是高寒草原分退化程度的回归模型估算结果都较不分退化程度模型估算的生物量更接近实测值。我们建议在退化高寒草地研究中采用盖度和高度估算生物量时,根据退化阶段采用不同的估算模型。     

Holocene climatic change reconstructed from trace elements of an aeolian deposit in the southeastern Mu Us Desert,northern China

In semi-arid and arid desert regions of northern China, aeolian deposits document the framework variation of an Asian monsoon during the late Quaternary. However, there is still a lack of detailed data pertaining to Holocene Asian monsoonal variation especial in the modern Asian summer monsoonal boundary belt. In this study, we reconstructed Holocene millennial-scale climatic changes in the Mu Us Desert, northern China, through systematic analysis of the variation of trace elements(324 samples) in different lithological units of the palaeosol-aeolian sand deposit, in combination with14 C and OSL chronology. Statistical results, correlation and clustering analysis indicate that the high content of 11 trace elements(V, Y, Cr, Nb, P, Mn, Cu, Zr, As, Ni and Rb, represented by P) and lower Sr content corresponding to periods of palaeosol development, marked increase of vegetation, weathering degree, and enhanced Asian summer monsoonal strength. In contrast, their opposed variation are coincident with accumulated aeolian sand layers, implying weaker summer monsoons and less geochemical weathering and degraded vegetation. These associations can be considered as signaling regional humid and dry changes of the Holocene environment. Accordingly, relatively arid conditions dominated the region before 7.2 ka, and there was an optimal humid climate in 7.2-4.6 ka. Afterwards, the climate became obviously dry, accompanied with several cycles of relatively wet and dry, such as relatively wet intervals around 4.1-3.7 ka, 3.5-3.3 ka and 2.5 ka. In addition, six millennial-scale dry events were recorded, and these events were consistent with weaker Asian summer monsoonal intervals in low latitudes, declined palaeosol development and precipitation in middle latitudes, as well as increased winter monsoon and periodic ice-rafting events in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, within limits of accuracy of existing dating ages. This possibly suggests a noteworthy synchronism between millennial-scale climatic changes in this region and on a global scale.     

Increase in medium-size rainfall events will enhance the C-sequestration capacity of biological soil crusts

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play important roles in the carbon(C) balance in arid regions. Net C balance of BSCs is strongly dependent on rainfall and consequent activation of microbes in the BSCs. The compensation-rainfall size for BSCs(the minimum rainfall amount for a positive net C balance) is assumed to be different with BSCs of different developmental stages. A field experiment with simulated rainfall amount(SRA) of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mm was conducted to examine the C fluxes and compensation-rainfall size of BSCs in different parts of fixed dunes in the ecotone between the Badain Jaran Desert and the Minqin Oasis. We found algae-lichen crust on the interdunes and crest, algae crust on the leeward side, and lichen-moss crust on the windward. Even a small rainfall(1 mm) can activate both photosynthesis and respiration of all types of BSCs. The gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange were significantly affected by SRA, hours after the simulated rainfall, position on a dune, and their interactions. The rapid activation of photosynthesis provides a C source and therefore could be responsible for the increase of C efflux after each rewetting. C-uptake and-emission capacity of all the BSCs positively correlated with rainfall size, with the lowest C fluxes on the leeward side. The compensation rainfall for a net C uptake was 3.80, 15.54, 8.62, and 1.88 mm for BSCs on the interdunes, the leeward side, the crest, and the windward side, respectively. The whole dune started to show a net C uptake with an SRA of 5 mm and maximized with an SRA of about 30 mm. The compensation-rainfall size is negatively correlated with chlorophyll content. Our results suggest that BSCs will be favored in terms of C balance, and sand dune stabilization could be sustained with an increasing frequency of 5-10 mm rainfall events in the desert-oasis transitional zone.-     

龙须菜(Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)中两种分支酸代谢酶对温度和水杨酸的响应及其原核表达研究

龙须菜(Gracilariopsislemaneiformis)在我国主要用作鲍饵料和琼胶生产原料,但是南方夏季高温限制了龙须菜的栽培和产业化。抗逆植物激素水杨酸(salicylicacid,SA)与分支酸代谢之间存在着密切的联系。本文以两种分支酸代谢酶——异分支酸合成酶(isochorismate synthase,ICS)和分支酸变位酶(chorismatemutase,CM)为研究对象,分析了23℃(常温)和33℃(高温)条件下添加SA对龙须菜中两种分支酸代谢酶编码基因转录水平的影响。结果表明高温和SA不同程度地刺激了两种分支酸代谢酶转录水平的表达,如在3—12h,SA添加后ics表达量分别提高到常温对照组的2.84—4.76倍和高温对照组的1.25—1.62倍;在24h时,cm表达量分别提高到常温对照组的2.73倍和高温对照组的1.82倍。然后,我们将两种酶的编码基因分别转化到原核表达载体pET28a中,结果得到了多以包涵体形式大量表达的重组ICS和CM蛋白,其最佳诱导条件为0.1mmol/LIPTG在16℃诱导24h,并用镍柱初步纯化了重组蛋白。该研究为阐明温度和外源SA对龙须菜中两种分支酸代谢酶的影响规律,以及为从蛋白水平研究这两种代谢酶提供了资料。