地球化学工程技术修复江西某Pb超标耕地的应用

为了判别地球化学材料在土壤改良与重金属修复中的作用,本研究以江西龙南某地被稀土采矿废水污染而废弃的农耕地为对象,用黏土矿物等材料组成的三种修复方案对249 km2的废弃地进行修复。一周期后,比较修复前后土壤中重金属生物易迁移态的变化来评价该技术的有效性。结果表明,该地Pb超标程度最重,达101.50 mg·kg-1。Cd、Hg、As次之,分别为0.13 mg·kg-1、0.13 mg·kg-1、2.98 mg·kg-1,均超赣州市土壤背景值含量,超龙南地区土壤Pb的均值,修复目标为Pb。该地土壤中Pb的易迁移态含量与总量不显著相关。经地球化学工程技术修复后,Pb易迁移态降低了3.25%,修复效果明显。一周期后,Pb的易迁移态平均降幅为1.40%,修复效果稳定。修复效果最佳的方案C能使Pb降低幅度达到3.38 mg·kg-1,在经济上体现为最廉价,体现了地球化学工程技术的优势。     

Application of bioremediation in oil contaminated soil

The long-term oil exploitation in oil fields has led to pollution of surrounding soil, creating a serious ecological problem. In order to promote and improve the application of microbial remediation in oil contaminated soil, experiment is carried out in polluted area in Zhongyuan Oilfield. In the experiment, indigenous microorganisms and other physical and chemical methods are employed, ryegrass is grown, and environmental factors in soil are regulated to degrade the oil and treat the polluted soil. Results show that when the average oil content in the soil is about 523.08 mg/kg, 65 days’ remediation through plants and microorganisms could help bring the oil content down to 74.61 mg/kg, achieving a degradation rate of 85.74%; through salinity treatment, salt content in soil is reduced by 62.93-82.03% to 399-823 mg/kg from previous 2.22 g/kg. Through this experiment, the bioremediation method is improved and its effectiveness and feasibility are testified. The result has been applied in Zhongyuan Oilfield and has brought fair ecological and economic benefits, providing technical support to the treatment of contaminated soil of the same kind, and offering some insights to the treatment of soil contaminated by other organic pollutants.     

绷紧式系泊缆冲击张力特性研究

采用集中质量法研究了绷紧式系泊系统中系缆由于松弛-张紧过程产生的冲击张力。建立系泊缆绳离散的集中质量模型,对其独立单元进行受力分析并建立了单元的运动方程。给定缆绳上端点简谐激励,通过Ansys中的Aqwa模块,分析了缆绳的运动响应;针对缆绳运动响应过程中的三种状态进行了模拟计算,探讨了冲击张力产生的条件;研究了缆绳初始预张力、上端点激励幅值和频率、拖曳力系数、弹性模量以及单位长度质量对动态张力的影响。研究结果表明:这些影响因素不仅会影响缆绳动态张力的大小,也会对缆绳中的冲击张力产生一定的影响。     

基于压水试验的地层渗流场反分析

地下工程建设过程中,地下水分布以及岩体渗透参数确定至关重要。基于对解决欠定反分析问题的目标函数分析,通过利用适应度函数、地质统计原理和变差函数等优化,得到了解决地层渗透系数一类水文地质问题的罚函数,为解决欠定的反分析问题提供了一个优化评判准则,并结合粒子群算法建立优化反分析数学模型;提出利用压水试验钻孔水头变化反分析得到地层渗透系数的新方法。对南京地铁上元门车站,进行现场压水试验得到钻孔水头高度,利用经过罚函数优化的反分析数值计算获得地层渗透系数,对压水试验区域的电阻率跨孔CT探测验证了该方法区域上的正确性,该区域的钻孔原位渗透系数测试验证了该方法在数值上的准确性。结果表明,经过罚函数优化的反分析计算的准确率达到90%,说明该方法有助于得到全面的地层水文地质信息,对后续的治理具有指导作用,希望能对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。     

Earth surface processes and their effects on human behavior in monsoonal China during the Pleistocene-Holocene epochs

There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major terraces, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations (GHGs) and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene, thick loess deposits accumulated in north China, and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China. The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ～1.7 Ma; they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval, until the late Pleistocene, ～50 ka. In this study, we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man. The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas, especially medium-sized fluvial basins, and lake shores. Even in the relatively recent geological past, the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transitional zone, which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns. Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determinants of early human behavior, in that loess tableland, large alluvial plains, desert-Gobi areas, and the Tibetan Plateau, were not suitable environments for early human settlement. We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes. The monsoon climate, which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms, promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation, provides a crucial context for early human adaptation. The adaptation of early humans to earth surface processes in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study. Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.     

三峡库区水体和底泥中多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类分布和来源

通过对2016年三峡库区干支流18个采样点水体和底泥中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)和6种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染物浓度的时空分布特征和来源进行分析,得出如下结论:三峡库区2016年水体和底泥中ΣPAHs分别为3.9~107.6 ng/L(均值为39.9 ng/L)和267.9~1018.1 ng/g(均值为490.9 ng/g),ΣPAEs分别为122.4~2884.7 ng/L(均值为848.1 ng/L)和192.9~3473.4 ng/g(均值为1253.35 ng/g).水库水体和底泥中PAHs和PAEs均表现出显著的时空分布特征.干支流水体ΣPAHs平均浓度均为放水期(6月)高于蓄水期(12月),干流底泥ΣPAHs平均含量在蓄水期高于放水期.干流水体中ΣPAEs平均浓度在蓄水期显著高于放水期,底泥中ΣPAEs平均含量为放水期高于蓄水期.库区水体中的PAHs以2~3环和4环为主,底泥中以4环和5~6环为主.水体和底泥中PAEs均以邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基已基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯为主.库区水体中PAHs的主要来源为焦化或煤焦油挥发、石油源及燃料的中低温燃烧;底泥中PAHs主要来源为煤和生物质燃烧以及石油.水体和底泥中的PAEs主要来源于塑料和重化工工业以及生活垃圾.     

济南泉域岩溶地下水有机污染特征研究

对济南泉域岩溶地下水系统水质进行了系统的采样分析。结果表明,泉域岩溶水已普遍受有机物污染,有机污染物检出率高达93%。检出有机物多于5项的样品多分布于大中型企业附近。在所有检出的有机物中,有机氯农药类、卤代烃类检出率最高,分别达到60%、57.8%。尽管岩溶水有机污染较普遍,但有机物含量较低,仅局部地段存在有机物超标现象。泉域岩溶水有机污染特征受控于工业企业分布及地下水流场,在济南侵入岩体南缘附近形成了近长方形的岩溶水有机污染区,面积达156 km2。污染区南部地带是济南市工业集中区,灰岩浅埋,防污性能差。另外由于地下水径流方向与侵入岩体南缘线近垂直,进入灰岩含水层的有机污染物随地下水径流向北运移,造成埋藏于火成岩体之下的埋藏型岩溶水也受到污染。      

大气振荡与月球引潮力

通过对北兰球高续近地面大气经向运动变化、北半球１００ｈＰａ极地低压环流变化、赤道附近２００ｈＰａ和８５０ｈＰａ大气续向运动变化等现象的分析,指出北半球１００ｈＰａ极地低压环流变化是与日、月引潮力场周期变化高相关的大气振荡现象,另二者的变化与月球引潮力场变化周期同步或基本同步。     

基于2001～2009年MODIS资料的西藏地区大气可降水量分布特征

利用2001~2009年MODIS近红外的大气可降水的逐月资料,分析了西藏地区大气可降水量时空分布特征及与实际降水量之间的关系。结果表明:西藏大气可降水量时空分布不均匀,空间分布由东南至西北递减;7、8月份大气可降水量最大,夏季大气可降水量占全年的50%;2001~2009年间西藏大气可降水量呈增加趋势,阿里地区、山南地区以及昌都地区增加明显;大气可降水量与实际降水量呈明显负相关,相关系数为-0.688。      

气象要素时间序列的演化建模分析与短期气候预测

以武汉站(5~9月)汛期降水量观测数据序列为例,将这类具有明显的不规则性(混沌特征)时间序列分解为宏观气候尺度周期的波动部分和迭加其上的微观气候尺度周期的波动部分,分别采用演化建模方法和自然基小波方法模拟逼近。特别强调由演化建模方法得到的非线性常微分方程较之传统的线性建模具有更好的分析预测能力。