Dependence between flood peaks and volumes: a case study on climate and hydrological controls

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to understand the causal factors controlling the relationship between flood peaks and volumes in a regional context. A case study is performed based on 330 catchments in Austria ranging from 6 to 500 km² in size. Maximum annual flood discharges are compared with the associated flood volumes, and the consistency of the peak–volume relationship is quantified by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results indicate that climate-related factors are more important than catchment-related factors in controlling the consistency. Spearman rank correlation coefficients typically range from about 0.2 in the high alpine catchments to about 0.8 in the lowlands. The weak dependence in the high alpine catchments is due to the mix of flood types, including long-duration snowmelt, synoptic floods and flash floods. In the lowlands, the flood durations vary less in a given catchment which is related to the filtering of the distribution of all storms by the catchment response time to produce the distribution of flood producing storms.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

基于 ArcGIS 空间分析的黑龙江省耕地分等算法自动化的设计与实现

ArcGIS的空间分析提供了各种类型的矢量数据的地理操作,本文将空间分析引入到耕地分等的工作中,并通过嵌入式VBScript程序实现分等的自动化,是将耕地分等与地理信息相结合算法自动化的探索与尝试。     

Distribution of Aluminum and Fluoride in Tea Plant and Soil of Tea Garden in Central and Southwest China

The distribution of Al and F contents and the relationship between Al and F in tea plants and soils of 12 tea gardens in Central and Southwest China were investigated from October 31 to November 14, 2006. The results show that there were differences in pH, CEC, the contents of organic matter (OM), Al and F in the different soils of the tea gardens. The Al content ranged from 1196 to 7976mg/kg for old leaf, 370 to 2681mg/kg for young leaf and 285 to 525mg/kg for stem, whereas the content of F ranged from 221 to 1504mg/kg for old leaf, 49 to 602mg/kg for young leaf and 13.5 to 77.5mg/kg for stem. The concentrations of labile Al varied obviously in the different soils, but the distribution law of labile Al content for the same garden was Alexchangeable≈AlFe-Mn oxide>Alorganic>Alwater-soluble. The contents of different labile F fractions varied slightly in the different soils and the different soil layers, though the exchangeable F content was lowest among the labile F in the soils. The concentrations of Al and F in tea plants increased with increasing amount of water-soluble Al or F, especially the amount of water-soluble fractions in the soil layer of 0-20cm.The correlation between Al content and F content in the tea leaf was more significant than that in the tea stem. Furthermore, the correlation between Al content and F content in whole tea plant was strongly significant (r=0.8763, p<0.01, n=36). There were evident tendency that Al concentration increased with the increase of F concentration in different soil layers. The correlation of water-soluble Al with water-soluble F in all soils was also strongly significant (r=0.7029, p<0.01, n=34). The results may provide a proof that Al and F are jointly taken up by tea plants to some extent in natural tea gardens.     

用断层面正压力法分析北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷断层垂向封闭性及其演化

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷油气藏的形成和破坏与断层的垂向封闭性密切相关。通过对该凹陷内已知油藏的解剖,确定出断层垂向封闭性的临界值为12.4MPa。同时,根据平衡剖面技术对成藏期古构造进行了恢复,在此基础上对断层古封闭性进行分析,确定了成藏期古断层面的开启位置,即:1号断层,2号断层东部和西部,3号断层东的6条分支断层及4号断层的4条分支断层。已发现的含油区块位置与成藏期的开启断层面位置的对比研究表明两者有很好的一致性。对凹陷内主要断层的古、今垂向封闭性进行综合分析,认为该区断层垂向封闭性存在3种演化模式:成藏期封闭——现今封闭,成藏期开启——现今封闭和成藏期开启-现今开启。不同类型的封闭性演化模式对油气的运移与保存所起的作用不同,3种演化模式分别对应“成藏期输导性差→现今封闭性好”、“成藏期输导性好→现今封闭性好”和“成藏期输导性好→现今封闭性差”,以“成藏期开启——现今封闭”型断层对油气的运移及保存最为有利。     

Taking correlations into account: a diagonal correlation model

GPS Solutions - The true covariance matrix of the GPS phase observations is unknown and has to be assumed or estimated. The variance of the least-squares residuals was empirically shown to have an...     

渝东南牛蹄塘组与龙马溪组高演化海相页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征对比研究

中国南方主要富有机质海相页岩寒武系牛蹄塘组和志留系龙马溪组是当前页岩气勘探的重要目标地层,但演化程度普遍偏高,孔隙结构复杂。为加深对这种复杂性的认识,通过场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞实验与低温低压吸附实验(CO_2与N_2),对页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征进行对比研究。研究发现,牛蹄塘组孔体积与龙马溪组页岩的孔体积分别介于0.0202~0.0402 m L/g与0.0255~0.0310 m L/g之间,介孔在两套页岩孔体积中所占比例最大。两套页岩比表面积分别介于13.74~41.26 m~2/g与21.42~27.82 m~2/g之间,微孔与介孔几乎提供了两套页岩全部的比表面。孔隙结构的差异主要表现为牛蹄塘组页岩内溶蚀孔和粒间孔较为发育,有机质孔隙发育不均匀;而龙马溪组页岩内粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔隙均较为发育;牛蹄塘组在微孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积占有优势,而介孔与宏孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积均小于龙马溪组。根据实验数据结果与文献的调研,两套页岩孔隙结构差异的主要原因主要是成熟度与埋深的不同影响而形成的。     

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈-软流圈边界成像

青藏高原东北缘是研究高原隆升和演化的理想场所,其岩石圈结构记录了高原向外扩展的岩石圈变形行为和演化过程,本研究利用一条跨青藏高原东北缘的宽频带观测剖面(红原-景泰剖面)和部分甘肃、青海区域台网的远震体波波形资料,通过S波接收函数方法获得了青藏高原东北缘的岩石圈-软流圈边界(LAB)图像。结果表明:1)松潘-甘孜地体东北部和西秦岭造山带下方的岩石圈较薄,略向北加厚,其LAB深度为110~130 km,昆仑断层下方无明显岩石圈错断,推测松潘-甘孜地块与西秦岭造山带的岩石圈可能具有亲缘性; 2)祁连地块下方的岩石圈厚度为135~150 km,其中祁连造山带东缘的LAB震相不聚焦,反映复杂的造山带型岩石圈属性; 3)阿拉善地块下方岩石圈略向南加厚, LAB深度为130~150 km,呈向祁连造山带下方汇聚的趋势,但尚未通过海原断裂带; 4)鄂尔多斯地块下方的岩石圈较厚, LAB深度为160~170 km,反映其稳定的克拉通型岩石圈属性。     

Evolution process of urban spatial pattern in Hubei Province based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data

This paper intends to investigate the urban spatial patterns of Hubei Province and its evolution from three different perspectives: urban nodes, urban connections and urban clusters. The research adopts nighttime light imagery of cities in Hubei Province, the viewpoint of ′point-axis-area′ in the ′point-axis system′ theory, and employs light index model, gravity model and social network analysis. The findings are as follows: 1) In terms of urban nodes, the urbanization process of Hubei has been carried out mainly on the basis of external expansion rather than internal increasing. The polarization trend of urban connection network is strengthening. 2) As for urban connections, the estimation of urban connections using light index model is capable of containing various actual flow, and the connections are getting increasingly closer. 3) In regard to urban groups, seven urban groups of varying sizes have formed. On that basis, three stable and relatively independent urban groups as the centers, namely Wuchang, Yichang and Xiangyang emerge as well. But the structures of ′Wuhan Metropolitan Area′, ′Yichang-Jingzhou-Jingmen City Group′ and ′Xiangyang-Shiyen-Suizhou City Group′, which are defined by local development strategy in Hubei Province, are different from the above three urban groups.     

基于时频电磁法的冀中坳陷油气藏勘探调查

将时频电磁法应用于冀中坳陷潜山型油气藏调查中,通过分析潜山油气藏的电磁特性以及岩芯测试结果,总结出潜山带上层油气藏的电磁异常特征为高极化率、低电阻率;潜山内部油气藏的异常特征为高极化率、高电阻率。依据异常参数,在牛驼镇凸起地区划分了2-1,3-1,5-1,5-2和9-1,5个潜山含油气有利区,与现有钻探数据基本吻合。