贵州六枝、水城煤田晚二叠世煤的微量元素特征

通过对六枝和水城煤田 10个煤矿主要可采煤层的 45个煤样品的常量和微量元素系统研究 ,概括了这两个煤田煤中常量和微量元素的丰度和分布特征 ;阐述了煤中微量元素的亲合性。这两个煤田煤中的全硫含量在受海水影响的煤层中较高 (最高达 7.5 % ) ,而在非海水影响的煤层中较低 ( 0 .3% )。六枝煤田的全硫含量明显高于水城煤田。Ca-Mn-Ge的平均含量在六枝煤田较低 ,而在水城煤田相对较高。在这两个煤田和不同的煤层之间 ,煤中微量元素含量的变化较小。与世界烟煤中一般含量范围相比 ,这两个煤田的特征是 Mn,V,Cu,L i,Zr,Nb,Ta,Hf,T1,Th和 U的含量相对高。     

Genetic Types, Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ore Deposits and Sources of Ore-forming Materials in the Xuancheng Area, Anhui Province

In recent years, several large and medium-sized ore deposits have been discovered in the shallow cover of Xuancheng, Anhui Province, indicating that this area has a productive metallogenic geological background and may be a potential prospecting region. Based on systematic investigation, the geological and mineralization characteristics of porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn Cu-Mo-W deposits in this region have been summarized. Zircon U-Pb dating (LA-ICP-MS) of the Chating quartz-diorite porphyry and the Kunshan biotite pyroxene diorite yield concordia ages of 145.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 131.8 ± 2.1 Ma, respectively. Meanwhile, the Re-Os dating analyses for molybdenite from the Shizishan and Magushan skarn Cu-Mo deposits yielded 133.81 ± 0.86 Ma and 143.8 ± 1.4 Ma ages, respectively. When viewed in conjunction with previous studies, it is suggested that twostage (the early stage of 145–135 Ma and the late stage of 134–125 Ma) magmatism may have occurred during the Mesozoic in Xuancheng region. Early stage intrusive rocks are distributed along both sides of the Jiangnan deep fault (JDF).The intrusive rocks to the north of the JDF are mainly quartz-diorite porphyry and granodiorite (porphyry) rocks, related to porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn-type Cu-Mo-W deposits. These deposits belong to the first stage of the porphyry-skarn copper gold metallogenic belt of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt (MLYB), associated with the high potassium calc-alkaline intermediate-acid intrusions. The magmatic and ore-forming materials are mainly derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle. South of the JDF, the Magushan granodiorite is a representative intrusive rock of the first stage I-type granite, which hosts the Magushan Cu-Mo skarn deposit, similar to the W-Mo-Cu skarn deposits in the Eastern Segment of the Jiangnan Uplift Metallogenic Belt (ESJUB). The magmatic and metallogenic materials mainly came from the Neoproterozoic basement, with the possible participation of a small amount of mantle components. The late stage magmatism was dominated by volcanic rocks with a small amount of intrusive rocks, which were consistent with the limited volcanic-intrusive activities in the second stage of the MLYB. The H-O stable isotopes of ore deposits in the region indicate that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids of the porphyry and skarn deposits were mostly of magmatic water for the ore-forming stage, the percentage of meteoric water obviously increasing during the late ore-forming stage. The ore-forming materials of the deposits are mainly from the deep magma with a few sedimentary wall rocks, according to the stable carbon isotopes of the carbonates in the ore deposits. Additionally, according to previous research, the molybdenite from the MLYB has a higher Re content than that of the ESJUB. The higher content of Re in the molybdenite from the Shizishan deposit is identical to that of MLYB rather than ESJUB, whereas Re characteristics in molybdenite of Magushan deposit are similar to that of ESJUB. The differences in Re characteristics indicate the different deep processes and ore-forming material sources (mainly mantle composition for the former and crustal materials for the latter) of these ore deposits on opposite sides of the JDF.     

基于混合单元的三峡库区港口建设场地适宜性评价

长江是我国最大的内陆航运交通要道,三峡大坝建成后,三峡库区长约360 km的河道水位大幅抬升,原航道两岸港口码头均被淹没。在三峡库区现状岸线环境及水库水位动态调蓄条件下,开发拓展新的岸线港口码头的适宜建设区域,具有重要实际意义。基于混合评价单元,选取了地形地貌、区域稳定性、工程地质条件、交通区位条件和生态敏感性5大类因素共14个评价因子,采用改进的综合指数评价模型,对三峡库区宜昌至万州段干流岸线港口建设场地进行了适宜性评价研究。评价结果显示: (1)适宜区占13.81%,较适宜区占25.80%,较不适宜区占31.38%,不适宜区占29.01%; (2)北岸适宜区主要分布在夷陵区乐天溪镇和太平溪镇,云阳县双江镇和万州城区上、下游一带; 南岸适宜区主要分布在秭归县茅坪镇,奉节县城南岸和万州城区南岸上、下游一带。研究评价结果对今后长江宜昌至万州段干流岸线港口资源开发选址具有一定的科技指导意义。     

异烷基磷酸（1甲基庚基）酯萃淋树脂分离感耦等离子体光谱法测定氧化铕中微量稀土元素

用５７０９萃淋树脂还原色层法分离富集高纯氧化铕中微量稀土杂质，随后用顺序扫描等离子体光电光谱法测定。色层分离的条件：上柱稀土基体的质量浓度为２０ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ２～３，流速为２５ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，洗脱液为６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣｌ溶液。共测定铈、镨、钕、钐、钆和镝６种稀土杂质。回收率为８９％～１０５％，相对标准偏差≤４％。方法可用于荧光级氧化铕中杂质稀土的测定     

纤维矿物生物活性研究的新进展

石棉、毛沸石、硅灰石、坡缕石、海泡石、水镁石是被国际癌症研究所（ＩＡＲＣ）列为具有致癌、潜在致癌作用或具有较强生物活性的六种纤维矿物,本文综述了目前国内外对这几种纤维矿物生物活性的研究状况及最新进展     

Geochemical and statistical analysis of trace metals in atmospheric particulates in Wuhan, central China

The geochemical characteristics of trace metals (As, Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in PM10 in Wuhan, the biggest metropolitan in central China, as well as their sources and contributions were analyzed. As PM10 has been the principal contaminant of air in Wuhan for years, concentrations of trace metals were measured in PM10 using high-volume samplers at one urban (Hankou) and one industrial (Changqian) site in Wuhan between September 2003 and September 2004. Based on the results, PM10 in Wuhan is characterized by relatively high levels of As, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn compared with other Asian cities. The time-series of these elements indicated that As, Cu and Zn at both sites have similar trends, whereas Pb levels showed different patterns due to different emission sources. Factor analysis was applied to the datasets focusing on the apportionment of the mass of selected trace metals. Results indicate that Pb, Cd and As have a common source (smelting) at both sites, whereas the sources of Ni vary from coal combustion and steel in Changqian to mineral and traffic in Hankou.     

近10年中国耕地资源时空变化特征

利用80年代末与90年代末期遥感图像解译得到的中国土地利用矢量图,分析了近10年来全国耕地资源的动态变化及空间特征,利用土地利用转移矩阵的方法分析了中国耕地资源的来源、去向及其空间分布特征。研究表明,城乡建设用地扩张、生态退耕是耕地资源减少的主要原因,城镇扩张造成耕地减少最大的依次是江苏、山东、河南、河北、广东、北京、浙江、四川、广西、上海;农村居民点扩张造成耕地减少最大的依次是江苏、河北、安徽、山东、广东、新疆、河南。退耕还林主要集中在浙江、东北、西南、内蒙古、广东等地区,退耕还草主要分布在内蒙古及宁夏地区。广东、湖北、江苏、山东由于农业结构调整,部分耕地被转变为库塘。新开垦耕地资源主要来源于草地、林地,毁林开荒主要发生在东北及内蒙古东部地区,开垦草地主要发生在内蒙古、黑龙江和新疆地区。中国耕地资源的动态变化表现为沿海地区耕地资源的减少及东北、西北地区耕地资源开垦,耕地开垦的结果是对西北及东北的生态环境造成破坏。     

塔北与塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层成因对比研究

通过储层发育层段、储层类型、沉积演化、岩溶作用等方面的对比,发现塔北与塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层在发育层位、沉积演化及岩溶期次上既有相似性,也有差异性。在塔中地区的油气勘探中,应注意下奥陶统古风化壳岩溶发育与塔北地区的差异性,加强对上奥陶统礁滩储集体的勘探。     

基于能量耗散机制的粗粒土圆度损伤特性分析

圆度损伤是研究粗粒土力学特性变化的重要指标,为探索剪切过程中粗粒土圆度损伤的演化过程,定性及定量从能量角度对损伤本质进行分析。根据能量耗散原理,分析了剪切系统及单个颗粒剪切过程中能量的耗散与传递。结合弹塑性力学与热力学定律,定义粗粒土圆度损伤因子Dr,建立了基于能量耗散下的圆度损伤模型。采用剪切试验研究不同圆度的花岗岩和卵石颗粒的强度特性,以观测效果较好的花岗岩颗粒为研究对象,研究不同法向应力下的圆度损伤演化过程,运用MATLAB对模型及试验数据分析。结果表明:圆度不同的颗粒(花岗岩、卵石)随圆度减小,传递到颗粒内部积聚的塑性势能增大,更易在颗粒边界棱角处产生微裂纹使颗粒磨损,从而增大粗颗粒圆度,强度特性减小;剪切试验粗粒土圆度损伤演化过程存在2次损伤拐点,可分为圆度损伤响应、圆度损伤演化、圆度损伤稳定3个阶段;同一类型颗粒法向应力增大,达到损伤临界状态圆度损伤所需能量增大,圆度损伤因子减小。基于能量耗散下建立的圆度损伤模型阐述了剪切过程中的圆度损伤,试验结果能合理地反应圆度损伤演化过程中颗粒力学特性响应。     

张家界市退耕还林的生态经济效益分析

湖南省张家界森林生态系统服务功能退化制约了山区经济的可持续发展,“退耕还林”是恢复森林生态系统服务功能价值的主要手段。以张家界退耕还林森林生态系统的恢复为例,综合运用资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,评估了退耕还林区森林恢复后的生态服务功能价值量,得出了退耕还林后所产生的生态经济效益为42 790.73×104元,增加了11.9倍。说明只有恢复张家界地区森林生态环境,保护好张家界地区的森林资源,才能实现张家界森林资源的可持续利用,保证山区经济的可持续发展。