Three-dimensional modeling of bank erosion and morphological changes in the Shishou bend of the middle Yangtze River

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model to simulate morphological changes in alluvial channels due to bank erosion. A method for the simulation of bank erosion is established. This is incorporated into a 3-D mathematical model for turbulent flow and non-uniform, non-equilibrium sediment transport. This model is applied to simulate morphological changes in the Shishou bend of the middle Yangtze River in China, where serious bank erosions occurred during the last two decades. The double-layer sediment structure of the riverbank on the middle Yangtze River is taken into account in the bank erosion module. Both cohesive and non-cohesive bank material in the different layers are considered. The bank erosion module also includes other factors affecting the rate of bank erosion, such as the longitudinal length of failed bank, the thickness of each layer in the double-layer structure, and the erosion-resisting effect of cohesive material from the top layer of failed bank. A locally-adaptive grid system is proposed to efficiently simulate the lateral migration of alluvial channel due to bank erosion. The predictive capability of the 3-D model is examined by laboratory data. Simulated processes of bank erosion agree with field observations in the Shishou bend during the period of October 1996–October 1998, and the bank erosion module plays a significant role in simulating morphological changes of the study reach. In addition, the equivalent channel-forming discharge, which is defined as a constant discharge that can create the same amount of bank erosion in an alluvial channel as that created by natural runoff processes during the same period of time, is proposed to improve calculation efficiency for feasibility studies.     

Application of extended distinct element method with lattice model to collapse analysis of RC bridges

This paper proposes a simple lattice model for collapse analysis of RC bridges subjected to earthquakes by using the extended distinct element method (EDEM). In the model, a concrete element consists of lumped masses connected to one another by springs, and a reinforcement bar is represented by a discrete model or an integrated model. The proposed lattice model is simple but its parameters are reasonably defined. It has fewer element nodes and connecting springs, which will be of benefit by shortening the CPU time. The processes to determine the initial stiffness of concrete and steel springs, the parameters of the constitutive model and the fracture criteria for springs are described. A re‐contact spring model is also proposed to simulate the re‐contact of the concrete after fracture of springs; and a general grid searching method is used to decrease the CPU time for judging re‐contact after fracture. The lattice model is assessed by numerical simulations and experiments. As an application, a damaged single‐column pier subjected to the Kobe Earthquake in 1995 is analysed by EDEM with the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model predicts well qualitatively the collapse process of RC bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于乡村多功能理论的少数民族传统聚落景观风貌演化特征及影响机制研究——以湖南怀化皇都村为例

在快速推进城镇化的背景下,以湖南省怀化市皇都村为例,基于乡村多功能理论,探究乡村聚落景观风貌演化过程和驱动机制。采用参与式农村评估方法,以Google Earth高清影像数据为基础,通过影像纠正拼接,结合实地调研数据,探究景观风貌的演变特征。研究显示：① 乡村多功能变化与聚落景观风貌变化是相互联系的,具有紧密的相关性;② 皇都村景观风貌演化阶段可分为缓慢且稳定的乡村传统功能型、无组织有方向的乡村生产功能型、矛盾到趋于协同的乡村现代功能型;③ 聚落的生活居住功能、生产保障功能、生态保育功能、商业服务功能、文化传承功能等多功能发展特征明显,多功能协调发展对景观风貌保护和演化具有积极意义;④ 皇都村景观风貌演变是一个动态的持续的过程,是内生驱动力、外源驱动力以及自然驱动力共同作用的外在表现,皇都村从单一的农业生产功能逐步向多功能路径转变,实现了景观风貌的多样性。     

青藏高原沙漠化土地空间分布及区划

利用野外调查数据、遥感影像和已有研究成果,构建了一套适用于青藏高原沙漠化土地的分类分级指标体系及遥感解译标志。以此为基础,选取目视解译法监测青藏高原沙漠化土地的空间分布特征。结果表明:2015年青藏高原沙漠化土地面积392 913km^2,占高原土地总面积的15.1%,主要包括沙质沙漠化土地、砾质沙漠化土地和风蚀残丘3种类型。沙漠化土地以中度和轻度沙漠化土地为主,重度和极重度沙漠化土地面积仅占沙漠化土地总面积的12.2%。空间上,沙漠化土地集中分布在高原的北部和西部地区,其他地区零散分布。自东南向西北,沙漠化土地面积逐渐增大,沙漠化程度不断加重。以沙漠化土地空间分布数据(面积、类型、程度、空间特征和驱动因素)为基础,结合气候、地貌、第四纪沉积物和人类活动等数据,将青藏高原沙漠化区划分为雅鲁藏布江半干旱高山宽谷沙漠化区、藏北青南高寒高原面沙漠化区、柴达木干旱盆地沙漠化区、黄河上游半干旱河流盆地沙漠化区和三江流域湿润半湿润高山沙漠化区。     

西藏气象指数通用计算系统

利用人机交互方式定义气象指数计算公式,设计了西藏地区常用气象指数计算系统。该系统在统一的操作界面上定义和读取输入气象数据,包括数值预报、实况数据、预报产品等数据及站号、经度、纬度和时间信息,将相应的数据以浮点数代入公式,并支持加、减、乘、除、乘方等数学运算符,三角对数、绝对值等数学函数,且、或、否等逻辑函数,≥、＞、≤、＜、=等判断运算符及自定义的分段函数,能够完成多项气象指数的计算,数据均以通用的MICPAS格式交互存储,在统一的平台上管理气象指数及产品制作,无需预报和服务人员编程即可实现新的气象指数。     

大别山南北缘中—新元古代火山岩系列、类型、组合及意义

大别深变质基底杂岩外缘中—新元古代双峰式火山岩系,均以钙碱性系列为主,少量的拉斑玄武岩系列和碱性玄武岩系列,但南缘出现少量的钾玄岩系列。南、北缘火山岩系的主要岩石组合种属也基本相同。南缘火山岩稍复杂一点,除玄武岩类、玄武安山岩、流纹岩外,还有少量英安岩,以及很少量钾玄岩系列的夏威夷岩和橄榄粗安岩,这是本区新发现的火山岩类型。     

识别所钻地层的人工神经网络法应用

对用人工神经网络方法来解决钻探生产的实际问题, 在不取心的情况下识别所钻地层的岩性进行了研究.根据钻探生产的特点, 设计了人工神经网络的结构和输出方式, 开发了人工神经网络识别所钻地层的软件, 分析了影响人工神经网络应用效果的各因素, 在人工神经网络的优化设计方面作了较深入的研究.研究表明: 人工神经网络用于识别所钻地层有很好的效果; 人工神经网络的参数, 如学习率、隐含层层数、隐含层单元数和数据处理方式等对人工神经网络的应用效果有影响.      

晶须在复合材料中的应用及其作用机理

阐述了晶须增强复合材料的主要机理,介绍了晶须对复合材料尤其是对聚合物基的复合材料性能的影响,并展望今后的研究方向。     

解释重磁资料中最优化选择法的若干问题

本文中我们将拟牛顿法应用到磁力、重力资料的自动解释中来,通过计算对比说明,在收敛的稳定性上拟牛顿法比常用的阻尼最小二乘法大为优越。文中又讨论了最优化选择法的收敛性、多解性、模型体的选择、参量的选择和约束,以及解释三个矿区磁异常的实例。     

Preface to Special Issue on CMIP6 Experiments:Model and Dataset Descriptions

正The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) supports research in climate change and assessment, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report (AR), through providing enormous datasets mainly produced by Earth system models (ESMs) and climate system models (CSMs). The newest (sixth) phase of CMIP(CMIP6) has been launched, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and 23 endorsed MIP experiments, to address new scientific questions in climate fields (Eyring et al., 2016). Now, the datasets simulated by