鲁西地区新太古代地壳增生事件：来自花岗岩和二长花岗岩U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和岩石地球化学的证据

鲁西地区是全球完整保存新太古代早期TTG（英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩）和绿岩带的区域,是研究太古宙岩浆演化类型和太古宙时期壳幔作用以及构造模式的典型区域。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,通过年代学、Hf同位素和岩石地球化学等手段,探讨了鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩的地球化学特征和形成背景。鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩U-Pb年龄主要为2 537和2 566 Ma。花岗岩（TA1802）εHf (t)值为-1.4～2.9,平均值为0.65,二阶段模式年龄约为2.9 Ga;二长花岗岩（TA1812）εHf (t) 值为-0.4～2.7,平均值为1.31,二阶段模式年龄为 3 073～2 886 Ma,平均值约为2.9 Ga;二长花岗岩（TA1817）εHf (t) 值为0.3～4.7,平均值为3.35,二阶段模式年龄为3 032～2 762 Ma,平均值约为2.8 Ga。在εHf (t)-t 图解上,鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩年龄演化线均落在2.9～2.8 Ga地壳演化线上,且与二阶段模式年龄大致相同,即表明鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩源于2.9～2.8 Ga的古老地壳重融。鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩均表现为高w(SiO2)、w(Al2O3)和富Na2O特征,大部分属于准铝质岩石。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式上,均表现为轻稀土元素（LREE）富集和重稀土元素（HREE）亏损,且中重稀土元素出现分馏。花岗岩样品中,有两个样品（TA1801-1与TA1824）表现出Ta富集,其余样品均表现为K、Rb、Ba和Th等大离子亲石元素富集,Nb、Ta、Ti亏损。二长花岗岩也同样表现为K、Rb、Ba和Th等大离子亲石元素富集,Nb、Ta、Ti亏损,部分熔融残余矿物存在石榴石、金红石以及少量斜长石、角闪石。根据上述地球化学特征, 并结合区域地质特征,鲁西地区新太古代花岗岩和二长花岗岩构造背景为同碰撞背景,该构造模式是大陆地壳有效增生。     

2013年广西平果震群尾波衰减特征研究

2013年6~7月在广西平果县中铝广西分公司3号排泥库附近出现密集小震群活动。本文搜集本次震群中146次可用于计算尾波的ML1.0地震的近距离台站数字地震波形,利用波形高信噪比的尾波时间域信号,采用计算尾波品质因子Q_C(f)值的Sato模型,通过滤波及去除环境噪声,计算了地震波传播路径上的尾波Q_C(f)值;拟合Q_C(f)值与频率f之间的关系,分析了排泥库区域地震波衰减的时空特征。根据信噪比及计算要求,从近场7个台站的记录中挑选出273条三分向记录,计算尾波衰减参数,得到尾波Q_C(f)与频率f的关系为:Q(f)=(69.07±40.09)f~(0.90±0.23)。结果表明,本区域为低衰减区域,库区Q值相对较高,地震波衰减较慢,且Q值对频率的依赖性不强,研究区介质非均匀性程度低,介质较为稳定。     

安徽省国家强震动台站场地响应及背景噪声分析

利用安徽省部分强震动台站记录的地脉动数据和历史地震数据,采用H/V谱比法和噪声功率谱密度函数法,对比分析台站的场地响应及背景噪声,结果表明：全椒、马鞍山地震台的场地卓越周期小且背景噪声低;沈巷地震台卓越周期大且背景噪声高;三山地震台无明显卓越周期;地震台站背景噪声与场地响应曲线之间不存在一一对应关系。     

Natural gas geochemistry and its origins in Kuqa depression

According to gas compositional and carbon isotopic measurement of 114 gas samples from the Kuqa depression, accumulation of the natural gases in the depression is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, with high gas dryness (C₁/C_1–4) at the middle and northern parts of the depression and low one towards east and west sides and southern part. The carbon isotopes of methane and its homologues are relatively enriched in ¹³C, and the distributive range of δ ¹³C₁, δ ¹³C₂ and δ ¹³C₃ is ?32‰–?36‰, ?22‰–?24‰ and ?20‰–?22‰, respectively. In general, the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes become less negative with the increase of carbon numbers. The δ ¹³ \(C_{CO_2 } \) value is less than ?10‰ in the Kuqa depression, indicating its organogenic origin. The distributive range of ³He/⁴He ratio is within n × 10^?8 and a decrease in ³He/⁴He ratio from north to south in the depression is observed. Based on the geochemical parameters of natural gas above, natural gas in the Kuqa depression is of characteristics of coal-type gas origin. The possible reasons for the partial reversal of stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes involve the mixing of gases from one common source rock with different thermal maturity or from two separated source rock intervals of similar kerogen type, multistages accumulation of natural gas under high-temperature and over-pressure conditions, and sufficiency and diffusion of natural gas.     

Fe–Cu deposits in the Kangdian region,SW China: a Proterozoic IOCG (iron-oxide–copper–gold) metallogenic province

Numerous Fe–Cu deposits are hosted in the late Paleoproterozoic Dongchuan and Dahongshan Groups in the Kangdian region, SW China. The Dongchuan Group is composed of siltstone, slate, and dolostone with minor volcanic rocks, whereas the Dahongshan Group has undergone lower amphibolite facies metamorphism and consists of quartz mica-schist, albitite, quartzite, marble and amphibolite with local migmatite. Deposits in the Dongchuan Group are commonly localized in the cores of anticlines, in fault bends and intersections, and at lithological contacts. Orebodies are closely associated with breccias, which are locally derived from the host rocks. Fe-oxides (magnetite and/or hematite) and Cu-sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite) form disseminated, vein-like and massive ores, and typically fill open spaces in the host rocks. The deposits have extensive albite alteration and local K-feldspar alteration overprinted by quartz, carbonate, sericite and chlorite. Deposits in the Dahongshan Group have orebodies sub-parellel to stratification and show crude stratal partitioning of metals. Fe-oxide ores occur as massive and/or banded replacements within the breccia pipes, whereas Cu-sulfide ores occur predominantly as disseminations and veinlets within mica schists and massive magnetite ores. Ore textures suggest that Cu-sulfides formed somewhat later than Fe-oxides, but are possibly within the same mineralization event. Both ore minerals predated regional Neoproterozoic metamorphism. Both orebodies and host rocks have undergone extensive alteration of albite, scapolite, amphibole, biotite, sericite and chlorite. Silica and carbonate alterations are also widespread. Ore-hosting strata have a LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of 1681 ± 13 Ma, and a dolerite dyke cutting the Fe-oxide orebodies has an age of 1659 ± 16 Ma. Thus, the mineralization age of the Dahongshan deposit is constrained at between the two. All ores from the two groups have high Fe and low Ti, with variable Cu contents. Locally they are rich in Mo, Co, V, and REE, but all are poor in Pb and Zn. Sulfides from the Fe–Cu deposits have δ³⁴S values mostly in the range of +2 to +6 per mil, suggesting a mix of several sources due to large-scale leaching of the strata with the involvement of evaporites. Isotopic dating and field relationships suggest that these deposits formed in the late Paleoproterozoic. Ore textures, mineralogy and alteration characteristics are typical of IOCG-type deposits and thus define a major IOCG metallogenic province with significant implications for future exploration.     

Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen,Oxygen, and Lead Isotopes of the Antuoling Molybdenum Deposit,Northern Taihang Mountains,China

The Antuoling Mo deposit is a major porphyry‐type deposit in the polymetallic metallogenic belt of the northern Taihang Mountains, China. The processes of mineralization in this deposit can be divided into three stages: an early quartz–pyrite stage, a middle quartz–polymetallic sulfide stage, and a late quartz–carbonate stage. Four types of primary fluid inclusions are found in the deposit: two‐phase aqueous inclusions, daughter‐mineral‐bearing multiphase inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, and pure CO₂ inclusions. From the early to the late ore‐forming stages, the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions are 300 to >500°C, 270–425°C, and 195–330°C, respectively, with salinities of up to 50.2 wt%, 5.3–47.3 wt%, and 2.2–10.4 wt% NaCl equivalent, revealing that the ore‐forming fluids changed from high temperature and high salinity to lower temperature and lower salinity. Moreover, based on the laser Raman spectra, the compositions of the fluid inclusions evolved from the NaCl–CO₂–H₂O to the NaCl–H₂O system. The δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD values of quartz in the deposit range from +3.9‰ to +7.0‰ and ?117.5‰ to ?134.2‰, respectively, reflecting the δD of local meteoric water after oxygen isotopic exchange with host rocks. The Pb isotope values of the sulfides (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 36.320–37.428; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.210–15.495; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 16.366–17.822) indicate that the ore‐forming materials originated from a mixed upper mantle–lower crust source.     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlin-type gold district (Southwest Guizhou,China) and their geological implications

The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province, China, where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits. To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district, we carried out petrographic observations, elemental analyses, and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies. We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. Three mineralization stages, namely, the sedimentation diagenesis, hydrothermal (main-ore and late-ore substages), and supergene stages, were identified based on field and petrographic observations. The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization, respectively, which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization. The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, Mo, and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage. Remarkably, arsenic, Sb, and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage. Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation. Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite. The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄ ± N₂ system, with medium to low temperatures (180–260 °C) and low salinity (0–9.08% NaCl equivalent). The late-ore stage fluids featured H₂O–NaCl ± CO₂ ± CH₄, with low temperature (120–200 °C) and low salinity (0–7.48% NaCl equivalent). The temperature, salinity, and CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage. The calculated δ¹³C, δD, and δ¹⁸O values of the ore-forming fluids range from − 14.3 to − 7.0‰, −76 to −55.7‰, and 4.5–15.0‰, respectively. Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ³⁴S values ranging from − 0.6 to 1.9‰. These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids, with minor contributions from strata. Collectively, the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou. It is likely that the Baogudi gold district, together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.

     

Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach

A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free‐falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of 1 m × 1 m, the expected number of received free‐falling raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re‐detachment amount. The re‐detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free‐falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re‐detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0·15% and 2·6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil‐splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

局域化相空间中的VSP偏移成像方法(英文)

对VSP资料进行偏移成像可提高井附近地下结构的成像分辨率。本文给出了一种基于局域化相空间波场分解的VSP偏移成像方法。此方法采用了基于Gabor-Daubechies紧标架的延拓算子(G-D延拓算子)及其高频渐近形式对相空间波场进行延拓;基于局部平面假设,提出了一种局部角度域相关成像条件。合成和实际VSP资料的偏移成像结果表明,在满足渐近展开的条件下利用G-D延拓算子的高频近似式能够有效的减少计算时间;采用局部角度域相关成像条件能够在不增加计算量的同时,有效减弱VSP成像剖面上的偏移假象。     

江西南部鸡笼嶂组研究的新进展

分析了江西南部鸡笼嶂组划分的现状及存在的问题,提出了龙南盆地和石马剖面的“鸡笼嶂组”属中侏罗世－晚侏罗世早期余田群上部菖蒲组的一部分;菖蒲盆地的“鸡笼嶂组”属早白垩世晚期－晚白垩世早期版石群优胜组。鉴于安远、河岭、蔡坊、岩背等盆地的鸡笼嶂组属晚侏罗世,为火山喷发期的产物,而且整合于鸡笼嶂组之下的上丁组为火山初始期的产物,建议将赣南地区晚侏罗世火山活动形成的上丁组和鸡笼嶂组统称为莲花寨群。指出安远莲