阿巴嘎旗近30a春夏季干旱及影响因子分析

通过对阿巴嘎旗地区1981—2010年春季降水量、汛期降水量、≥35℃高温日数、夏季气温、春季大风和扬沙日数的资料进行分析,发现干旱不仅影响牧草生长、畜牧业产品发展,而且加剧草场退化和沙漠化。近30a来,春季风大,夏季气温高,年蒸发量与年降水量比率偏大,土壤水分严重亏缺,是造成干旱的主要原因。为了加强灾害防御、更好地趋利避害,应做好防灾减灾气象服务,及时开展人工增雨作业,采取有效的公共防御对策。     

南海东北部春季海表pCO_2分布及海-气CO_2通量

2013年南海东北部春季共享航次采用走航观测方式,现场测定了表层海水和大气的二氧化碳分压(pCO2)及相应参数。结合水文、化学等同步观测要素资料,对该海域pCO2的分布变化进行了探讨。结果表明,陆架区受珠江冲淡水、沿岸上升流及生物活动的影响,呈现CO2的强汇特征;吕宋海峡附近及吕宋岛西北附近海域受海表高温、黑潮分支"西伸"、吕宋岛西北海域上升流等因素影响,呈现强源特征。根据Wanninkhof的通量模式,春季整个南海东北部海域共向大气释放约4.25×104 t碳。     

种植于人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林的肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征

为掌握人工种植条件下肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地咸水滴灌人工梭梭林内,采用统一的开沟、撒种接种方式,对不同林龄、不同深度接种肉苁蓉以及造林当年接种连年采收肉苁蓉的质量进行了调查和分析。结果表明:(1)所有样地出土肉苁蓉个体间质量差异大,分布离散程度高。(2)接种时林龄越大,出土肉苁蓉个体平均质量、质量品质较好的比率以及质量分布离散程度都越高;不同林龄间肉苁蓉个体质量有极显著差异。造林当年接种、连年出土肉苁蓉个体质量的特征与不同林龄的相似,但质量品质较好的比率相对较低。(3)在40~120cm深度,随种植深度增加,出土2年生以上肉苁蓉个体的数量以及质量品质较好的比率总体呈现增加趋势,并可以分为3个层面:40cm、50~80cm、100~120cm。其中40cm深度质量指标明显较低,其他深度间没有表现出明显的差异和规律,100~120cm深度的肉苁蓉个体相对细长、品相差。     

濮阳小震集中区发震机理分析与讨论

综合小震精定位和震源机制解两方面的结果,对濮阳小震集中区小震丛集活动的发震机理进行了分析.双差定位结果显示,大部分地震震源位于聊考主干断裂上,与断层的产状吻合;5次ML≥3.5地震的震源机制显示,双力偶模型可以较好地解释观测波形,小震震源机制主要为走滑型,初动符号呈象限分布;在参考了油田地质构造背景资料后,对濮阳小震集中区中、小地震活动与油田采油作业之间是否存在注水诱发关系进行了讨论.     

New Approaches and Markers for Identifying Secondary Biogenic Coalbed Gas

According to the adsorption-desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas (SBG) and its mixing of with the residual thermogenic gas at an early stage inevitably lead to secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various geochemical additive effects. Experimental results also show that the fractionation of the carbon isotope of methane of coal core desorption gas changes very little; the δ13C1 value of the mixed gas of biogenic and thermogenic gases is between the δ13C1 values of the two “original” gases, and the value is determined by the carbon isotopic compositions and mixing proportions of the two “original” methanes. Therefore this paper proposes that the study on the secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various additive effects is a new effective way to study and identify SBG. Herein, a systematic example of research on the coalbed gas (Huainan coalbed gas) is further conducted, revealing a series of secondary changes and additive effects, the main characteristics and markers of which are: (1) the contents of CO2 and heavy-hydrocarbons decrease significantly; (2) the content of CH4 increases and the gas becomes drier; (3) the δ13C and δD values of methane decrease significantly and tend to have biogenetic characteristics; and (4) the values of δ13C2 and δ13CCO2 grow higher. These isotopic values also change with the degradation degrees by microbes and mixing proportions of the two kinds of gases in different locations. There exists a negative correlation between the δ13C1 vs δ13CCO2 values. The △δ13CC2–C1 values obviously become higher. The distributions of the △δ13CCO2–C1 values are within certain limits and show regularity. There exist a positive correlation between the N2 versus Ar contents, and a negative correlation between the N2 versus CH4 contents, indicating the down forward infiltration of the surface water containing air. These are important markers of the generation and existence of SBG.     

Aerodynamic roughness length of sandy beds and gravel beds

A physical model was developed for the aerodynamic roughness length of gravel beds and sandy beds under different atmospheric stability conditions based on Monin?CObukhov similarity theory and dimensional analysis. The relationship between the roughness length, the properties of the roughness elements, the characteristics of the airflow, and an atmospheric stability parameter (the bulk Richardson number) was then studied using the model. Results showed that the roughness length was not only functions of the shape, height, and coverage of the roughness elements and of the airflow, but also dependent upon atmospheric stability. These results were in agreement with results from wind tunnel experiments and field observations.     

An analysis of drag force on wind of shrubs simulated in a wind tunnel

Shrubs that exert drag force on the wind significantly affect the air–surface interaction in arid and semiarid regions, and some coastal regions where aeolian processes are active. An understanding of the drag force on wind of shrubs provides important information on the dynamics of shrubs in reducing wind erosion, and their geomorphological significances. Thus, we analyzed the drag force and drag coefficient for model shrubs using wind measurements obtained by particle image velocimetry in a scaled wind tunnel simulation. The drag force was found to be a function of wind velocity and shrub density. Both drag force and drag coefficient revealed a critical shrub density of around 0.08. The vertical drag force changed direction when the shrub density became greater or less than the critical density. The drag coefficient increased rapidly with shrub density when the density was below 0.08, but it increased very gently when the density was increased beyond the critical value. The results have an important theoretical significance for our understanding of the dynamics of vegetated dunes and the windbreak mechanism of shrubs.     

IDNN的GPS动态测量多周跳探测与修复模型

针对GPS动态测量中预报值误差较大时多周跳探测与修复不理想的问题,在Kalman滤波动力学模型的基础上,引入嵌入时延神经网络IDNN(Input-Delay Neural Network)模型,并提出了一种基于IDNN的GPS动态测量多周跳探测与修复模型。该模型在理论上具有一定的前沿性;与Kalman滤波状态估值同步操作,便于多周跳的实时处理;而且利用尽可能多的过去无周跳预报残差向量集作为网络训练数据,兼顾GPS动态测量的动力学模型能够获取精度较高的周跳估值。实例计算表明了该方法的可靠性和可用性。     

建立留地安置制度是莱芜市“城中村”用地管理的有效途径

“城中村”是指位于城市规划区范围内、仍然保持村级建制的区域(包括以村为主改建的居委会)。“城中村”用地管理难,是多年来困扰各地土地管理工作的一个重要问题。如何加快“城中村”经济发展,维护“城中村”合法权益,规范“城中村”用地管理,是各级政府普遍关注的重大课题。笔者通过对莱芜地区“城中村”用地管理情况进行调查分析,认为建立“城中村”留地安置制度,是解决莱芜市“城中村”用地管理难,促进“城中村”经济发展、加快城市化进程、构建城市和谐的有效途径。1城中村留地安置制度的基本内容1.1总体思路根据留地安置指标和各“城…