吉林省40年来气温和降水的变化

选用吉林省有代表性的10个测站，用功率谱方法分析其40年来季节降水和气温趋势变化。结果表明，吉林省气候短周期变化与东亚季风的年际振荡准3.5年（QTO）和准2年（QBO）周期基本是一致的。10年际季节气温变化表明，冬季较50年代明显变暖，升温2℃左右，而夏季升温较弱，但与50～70年代的夏季低温周期相比，80年代以来则进入一个相对暖的周期。夏季副热带季风进退对吉林省的夏季气温和降水影响很大。     

边界层风廓线雷达测温系统设计

风廓线雷达在气象领域的应用越来越广泛，在风廓线雷达基础上增加电声测温系统（RASS）实现大气温度实时探测是一种经济有效的办法。文中介绍了已实现的某RASS系统设计，讨论了RASS测温的原理，针对RASS测温的精度、高度、影响因素等进行了性能分析，论述了系统的实现方案，最后给出了该RASS的实际测温结果和测温谱图，验证了该设计满足系统要求，能实现实时测温。     

Changes in El Niño and La Niña teleconnections over North Pacific–America in the global warming simulations

The change in the teleconnections of both El Niño and La Niña over the North Pacific and American regions due to a future greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4) coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). Among the IPCC-AR4 CGCM simulations, the composites of the eight-member multimodel ensemble are analyzed. In most CGCMs, the tropical Pacific warming due to the increase of CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere promotes the main convection centers in the equatorial Pacific associated with both El Niño and La Niña to the east. The eastward shift of the convection center causes a systematic eastward shift of not only El Niño but also La Niña teleconnection patterns over the North Pacific and America, which is demonstrated in the composite maps of 500 hPa circulation, surface temperature, and the precipitation against El Niño and La Niña, as observed in a comparison between the pre-industrial and CO₂ doubling experiments. Thus, a systematic eastward migration of convection centers in the tropical Pacific associated with both El Niño and La Niña due to a future global warming commonly causes the eastward shift of the atmospheric teleconnection patterns over the Northern Hemisphere.     

江西省区域性平流雾气象要素特征分析及预报思路

利用江西省2000—2012年常规地面观测资料及探空资料,采用合成和统计方法,分析了54次区域性平流雾的天气形势及气象要素,得到了平流雾逆温层、温湿条件、低层风场及影响系统等统计特征。结果表明:(1)江西省区域性平流雾主要发生于2—3月,北部多于南部。(2)其形势特征为:江南地区低层有较明显的暖湿平流。850 hPa上的切变线或辐合区位于长江流域到江淮一带,925和850 hPa西南风速分别达3~8和7~15 m·s~(-1)。地面形势多为弱低压倒槽和锋面前部的低压,其次为高压底部。(3)850 hPa以下低层有相对湿度≥80%的湿层,500 hPa中层多数有相对湿度≤50%的干层。地面气温和露点多在10~16℃,且达到近饱和。(4)平流雾的逆温结构以单层逆温为主,多数比辐射雾逆温层高、厚度大。逆温强度主要在1~3℃。最后给出了江西平流雾(我国南方)的预报着眼点或预报思路。     

高炮防雹作业决策指挥系统的研制

从黑龙江省人工影响天气工作的实际出发，利用现有的新一代天气雷达、卫星遥感等探测手段，依托先进的通讯设备和网络技术，对黑龙江省冰雹的发生、发展、演变、冰雹路径以及雷达回波特征等进行研究，研制了人工防雹作业指挥系统，实现冰雹天气预警、空域电话录音、指挥高炮科学作业、作业数据存储和作业情况宏观调控等多项功能，提高了高炮防雹作业的科学性。     

Optical and radiative properties of aerosols during a severe haze episode over the North China Plain in December 2016

The optical and radiative properties of aerosols during a severe haze episode from 15 to 22 December 2016 over Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo in the North China Plain were analyzed based on the ground-based and satellite data, meteorological observations, and atmospheric environmental monitoring data. The aerosol optical depth at 500 nm was < 0.30 and increased to > 1.4 as the haze pollution developed. The Ångström exponent was > 0.80 for most of the study period. The daily single-scattering albedo was > 0.85 over all of the North China Plain on the most polluted days and was > 0.97 on some particular days. The volumes of fine and coarse mode particles during the haze event were approximately 0.05–0.21 and 0.01–0.43 μm³, respectively—that is, larger than those in the time without haze. The daily absorption aerosol optical depth was about 0.01–0.11 in Beijing, 0.01–0.13 in Shijiazhuang, and 0.01–0.04 in Jiaozuo, and the average absorption Ångström exponent varied between 0.6 and 2.0. The aerosol radiative forcing at the bottom of the atmosphere varied from –23 to –227,–34 to –199, and –29 to –191 W m^–2 for the whole haze period, while the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied from –4 to –98, –10 to –51, and –21 to –143 W m^–2 in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo, respectively. Satellite observations showed that smoke, polluted dust, and polluted continental components of aerosols may aggravate air pollution during haze episodes. The analysis of the potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory showed that the contribution from local emissions and pollutants transport from upstream areas were 190–450 and 100–410 μg m^–3, respectively.     

2004年6月江西降水特少成因分析

2004年6月全省月平均雨量之少,为江西1959年以来第二位。时这样1个异常的气候事件,分析了气候背景、中高纬度环流和副热带高压变化特征;同时,时6月西太平洋热带气旋活动与巷省降水的关系进行了普查和分析。分析结果表明,造成我省降水特少的原因主要有3个：一是2004年我省处少雨的大周期中;二是西风带没有稳定的阻塞形势建立,副高偏东偏北,中、西太平洋时流活跃,热带气旋活动频繁：三是孟加拉湾到华南、江南中东部地区对流受到抑制。     

The role of mean state on changes in El Niño’s flavor

Recently, many studies have argued for the existence of two types of El Niño phenomena based on different spatial distributions: the conventional El Niño [or Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño], and the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño. Here, we investigate the decadal modulation of CP El Niño occurrences using a long-term coupled general circulation model simulation, focusing, in particular, on the role of climate state in the regime change between more and fewer CP El Niño events. The higher occurrence regime of the CP El Niño coincides with the lower occurrence regime of EP El Niño, and vice versa. The climate states associated with these two opposite regimes resemble the leading principal component analysis (PCA) modes of tropical Pacific decadal variability, indicating that decadal change in climate state may lead to regime change in terms of two different types of El Niño. In particular, the higher occurrence regime of CP El Niño is associated with a strong zonal gradient of mean surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific, along with a strong equatorial Trade wind over the area east of the dateline. In addition, the oceanic variables—the mixed layer depth and the thermocline depth—show values indicating increased depth over the western-to-central Pacific. The aforementioned climate states obviously intensify zonal advective feedback, which promotes increased generation of the CP El Niño. Frequent CP El Niño occurrences are not fully described by oceanic subsurface dynamics, and dynamical or thermodynamical processes in the ocean mixed layer and air–sea interaction are important contributors to the generation of the CP El Niño. Furthermore, the atmospheric response with respect to the SSTA tends to move toward the west, which leads to a weak air–sea coupling over the eastern Pacific. These features could be regarded as evidence that the climate state can provide a selection mechanism of the El Niño type.     

GIS空间插值方法在内蒙古气温插值中的应用

文章对GIS软件中几种常见插值方法的原理进行了详述,剖析了插值过程中参数设置对插值结果产生的影响。以内蒙古多年平均气温插值为例,对比了各种插值方法的优劣,结果表明:普通克里金法的插值结果最能反映内蒙古多年平均气温的分布特征,均方根误差为1.138℃;反距离权重法可反映基本特征但等值线不够平滑、局部有"牛眼"现象,均方根误差为1.260℃;趋势面法不能反映基本特征,均方根误差为1.425℃;使用协同克里金法,将高程作为协同因子对普通克里金算法进行改善,未取得明显效果。     

Altered atmospheric responses to eastern Pacific and central Pacific El Niños over the North Atlantic region due to stratospheric interference

The two types of El Niño that have been identified, namely the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niños, are known to exert different climatic impacts on the North Atlantic region during winter. Here, we investigate the characteristics of the teleconnection of the two El Niño types with a focus on the stratosphere-troposphere coupling. During the EP El Niño, polar stratospheric warming and polar vortex weakening frequently occur with a strong tendency for downward propagation near the tropopause. Consequently, the atmospheric pattern within the troposphere over the North Atlantic sector during midwinter closely resembles the negative North Atlantic Oscillation pattern. In contrast, during CP El Niño events stratospheric warming events exhibit a much weaker downward propagation tendency. This difference in the stratospheric circulation response arises from the different seasonal evolution of the tropospheric wave response to the two El Niño types. For the EP El Niño, the Aleutian Low begins growing during December and is sustained throughout the entire winter (December to February), which provides favorable conditions for the continuous downward propagation of the stratospheric warming. We also discuss the origin of the difference in the teleconnections from the two types of El Niño associated with the distinct longitudinal position of the warm SST anomaly that determines troposphere-stratosphere coupling.