Roadian–Wordian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) global palaeobiogeography of brachiopods

A database of 4471 Roadian–Wordian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) occurrences of 381 brachiopod genera in 44 different operational geographical units (stations) was analyzed by both Q-mode and R-mode quantitative methods. Four distinct brachiopod biogeographical realms and nine provinces, and 11 brachiopod associations are recognized. The Boreal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere includes the Verkolyman Province in the northern and northeastern Siberian Platform and the eastern European Province in the Ural seaway between the European and Siberian platforms. Both provinces are characterized by containing typical Boreal cold-water brachiopod associations. The Gondwanan Realm in the south also includes two provinces. The Austrazean Province in eastern Australia and New Zealand is probably the most stable province throughout the Permian and characterized by typical Gondwanan brachiopod associations. The Westralian Province centered in Western Australia is also characterized by typical Gondwanan brachiopods, but also demonstrates biogeographical links with the Tethyan stations. The Palaeoequatorial Realm located mainly in the palaeotropical zone contains highly diverse and abundant brachiopod faunas. Two regions/subrealms and four provinces are recognized within this realm. The North America Subrealm contains a distinct Grandian Province characterized by many endemic brachiopod genera and a few cold-water genera. East-central Alaska and Yukon Territory may constitute another brachiopod province. All the stations in the Tethyan Ocean (both Palaeotethys and Neotethys) constitute a distinct Asian–Tethyan Region/Subrealm and incorporate three different provinces. The Cathaysian Province is comprised of the stations in South China and its surrounding terranes/blocks and a few stations in the northern and western margin of the Palaeotethys. Two transitional provinces (Sino–Mongolian–Japanese Province and Cimmerian Province) in the northern and southern temperate zones are also recognizable. The brachiopod fauna from the Mino Belt in Japan is well distinguished from those from other regions, and is hence assigned to the palaeoceanic Panthalassan Realm. Principal coordinates analysis and minimum spanning tree analysis suggest that a latitude-related thermal gradient was the major control for the palaeobiogeography of Roadian–Wordian global brachiopod faunas and for the latitudinal of pattern of decreasing brachiopod generic diversities from the equator to the poles. In addition, geographic separation and oceanic currents may also have played some role in the spatial distribution of brachiopods during Roadian–Wordian times.     

Improving the vegetation dynamic simulation in a land surface model by using a statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme

Canopy interception of incident precipitation, as a critical component of a forest＇s water budget, can affect the amount of water available to the soil, and ultimately vegetation distribution and function. In this paper, a statistical-dynamic approach based on leaf area index and statistical canopy interception is used to parameterize the canopy interception process. The statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme is implemented into the Community Land Model with dynamic global vegetation model （CLM-DGVM） to improve its dynamic vegetation simulation. The simulation for continental China by the land surface model with the new canopy interception scheme shows that the new one reasonably represents the precipitation intercepted by the canopy. Moreover, the new scheme enhances the water availability in the root zone for vegetation growth, especially in the densely vegetated and semi-arid areas, and improves the model＇s performance of potential vegetation simulation.     

城市化对江苏气候变化影响的数值模拟个例分析

利用MM5模式对2003年夏季6、7两个月典型区域气候极端事件进行数值模拟,研究城市化急剧扩张对区域气候极端事件的影响和可能机制.研究发现:苏南及邻近地区城市化区域的扩张,会引起区域降水分布的变化.在城市化区域,降水将减少,而在城市化的下风区会有局地的降水增加;同时,在苏南城市化区域中,太湖等湖泊的影响也很重要,会加强其邻近地区局地降水强度.城市化区域的地面气温有明显的上升,对高温天气的作用更大.城市化也会影响地面风场,阻挡穿越城市化区域的风;苏南沿海城市化区域扩张,会使海陆风环流增强,加大了海面向陆面的风.城市化区域的潜热通量明显减少,而感热通量显著增加.城市化增暖产生的局地热源,使城市化区域及邻近地区局地环流发生变化,增强了低层城市化区域向周边辐散的强度.随着高度的增加,城市化的影响也越来越小.     

华北夏季大气水汽输送特征及其与夏季旱涝的关系

本文利用ECMWF再分析资料ERA40和中国160站的降水资料,分析了我国华北地区1958年-2002年夏季的大气水汽含量和水汽输送的基本气候特征,研究了华北夏季旱涝年的大气水汽含量和水汽输送异常情况,最后利用线性回归的方法探讨了该地区大气水汽含量和水汽输送的变化趋势.结果表明:华北地区夏季降水的大气水汽来源主要有3支:来自孟加拉湾的水汽、来自我国南海和西太平洋的水汽以及中高纬西风带的水汽输送.华北地区对流层低层以经向水汽输送通量为主,到了中高层则以纬向输送通量为主;与华北地区夏季旱涝密切相关的异常水汽输送主要是南海和西太平洋以及西风带水汽输送异常,华北地区南边界水汽输入异常和东边界水汽输出异常是造成华北夏季旱涝年水汽收支异常的主要原因;近半个世纪以来,伴随着华北干旱化的加剧,华北地区南边界输入的大气水汽呈现显著的减少趋势.     

浙江省禽流感流行的风险期研究

利用浙江省1971～2000年月平均气温、湿度等气候资料以及传播禽流感的迁徙候鸟经停浙江省的主要时段等资料和途径,并根据已有研究提出的适宜禽流感流行的温度等气象指标,对禽流感在浙江省流行的风险期进行分析和研究.结果表明:浙江省11月到次年3月的气候条件适宜禽流感病毒存活与传播.其中2～3月为浙江省禽流感流行的高风险时段,12月和次年1月为中风险时段.     

雁山楝树物候对气候变暖的响应

对桂北地区雁山气温等气候要素与楝树5个物候期的多年同步观测资料的对比分析,结果表明:(1)桂林雁山近34a来年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,特别是1997年以来增温特明显,在增温过程中以春季增温为主,冬季和秋季增温次之,夏季呈弱降温趋势;(2)近10a来雁山楝树展叶盛期、开花盛期表现为一致的提前趋势,叶全变色期和落叶始期表现推迟的趋势,整个绿叶期延长,果成熟期表现推迟;(3)2月平均气温(T2)和1～3月均温(T1-3)是影响楝树展叶盛期、开花盛期的主要气候因子;(4)楝树物候变化是植物对气候变暖的响应。     

Coupling climate change with hydrological dynamic in Qinling Mountains, China

This study intends to disclose orographic effects on climate and climatic impacts on hydrological regimes in Qinling Mountains under global change background. We integrate a meteorological model (MM5 model, PSU/NCAR, 2005) and a hydrological model (SWAT model, 2005) to couple hydrological dynamic with climate change in Qinling Mountains. Models are calibrated and validated based on the simulation of different combined schemes. Following findings were achieved. Firstly, Qinling Mountains dominantly influence climate, and hydrological process in Weihe River and upper Hanjiang River. Results show that Qinling Mountains lead to a strong north–south gradient precipitation distribution over Qinling Mountains due to orographic effects, and it reduces precipitation from 10–25 mm (December) to 55–80 mm (August) in Weihe River basin, and adds 25–50 mm (December) or 65–112 mm (August) in upper Hanjiang River basin; evapotranspiration (ET) decrease of 21% in Weihe River (August) and increase 10.5% in upper Hanjiang River (July). The Qinling Mountains reduce water yields of 23.5% in Weihe River, and decrease of 11.3% in upper Hanjiang River. Secondly, climate change is responsible for the changes of coupling effects of rainfall, land use and cover, river flow and water resources. It shows that average temperature significantly increased, and precipitation substantially reduced which leads to hydrological process changed greatly from 1950 to 2005: temperature increased and precipitation decreased, climate became drier in the past two decades (1980–2005), high levels of precipitation exists in mid-1950, mid-1970, while other studied periods are in low level states. The inter-annual variation in water yield correlates with surface runoff with an R ² value of 0.63 (Weihe River) and 0.87 (upper Hanjiang River). It shows that variation of annual precipitation was smaller than that of seasonal precipitation.     

近地层风能参数随高度分布的推算方法研究

应用江苏和吉林的12个测风塔资料,对两个地区的风能参数进行了统计和分析,探讨了一种用10m高度风速资料推算近地层内任意高度上平均风功率密度的新方法.结果表明:应用该方法交互拟合不同高度的平均风功率密度,平均误差4.4%,最大误差13.3%,优于指数律的平均误差7.8%,最大误差22.0%,效果较为理想.