C-RESPONSE OF GEOMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING ON A 1D THIN SHELL MODEL

This paper tries to formulate the C-response of geomagnetic depth sounding(GDS)on an Earth model with finite electrical conductivity. The computation is performed in a spherical coordinate system. The Earth is divided into a series of thin spherical shells. The source is approximated by a single spherical harmonic P₁⁰ due to the spatial structure of electrical currents in the magnetosphere. The whole solution space is separated into inner and external parts by the Earth surface. Omitting displacement current, the magnetic field in the external space obeys Laplacian equation, while in the inner part, due to the finite conductivity, the electromagnetic fields obey Helmholtz equation. To connect the magnetic fields in the inner and external space, the continuity condition of magnetic fields is used on the Earth surface. The external magnetic fields are expressed by the inner and external source coefficients, from which a new parameter called C-response is computed from the inner coefficient divided by the external coefficient, thus normalizing the actual source strength. The inner magnetic fields in each layer can be recursively derived by the continuity boundary condition of both normal and tangential components of the magnetic field from the initial boundary condition at core-mantle-boundary. The consistency of our C-responses with that from a typical 1-D global model validates the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results also show that the C-response estimated from the geomagnetic transfer function method will deviate exceeding 5%from the actual response at longer periods than about 10⁶s, which means that ignoring the curvature of the Earth at extreme long periods will make inversion result unreliable. Therefore, an accurate C-response should be computed in order to lay a solid foundation for reliable inversion.     

Development of a 50-year daily surface solar radiation dataset over China

Although solar radiation is a crucial parameter in designing solar power devices and studying land surface processes,long-term and densely distributed observations of surface solar radiation are usually not available.This paper describes the development of a 50-year dataset of daily surface solar radiation at 716 China Meteorological Administration(CMA) stations.First,a physical model,without any local calibration,is applied to estimate the daily radiation at all 716 CMA routine stations.Then,an ANN-based(Artificial Neural Network) model is applied to extend radiation estimates to earlier periods at each of all 96 CMA radiation stations.The ANN-based model is trained with recent reliable radiation data and thus its estimate is more reliable than the physical model.Therefore,the ANN-based model is used to correct the physical model dynamically at a monthly scale.The correction generally improves the accuracy of the radiation dataset estimated by the physical model:the mean bias error(MBE) averaged over all the 96 radiation stations during 1994-2002 is reduced from 0.68 to 0.11 MJ m-2 and the root mean square error(RMSE) from 2.01 to 1.80 MJ m-2.The new radiation dataset shows superior performance over previous estimates by locally calibrated ngstr m-Prescott models.Based on the new radiation dataset,the annual mean daily solar radiation over China is 14.3 MJ m-2.The maximal seasonal mean daily solar radiation occurs in the Tibetan Plateau during summer with a value of 27.1 MJ m-2,whereas the minimal seasonal mean daily solar radiation occurs in the Sichuan Basin during winter with a value of 4.7 MJ m-2.     

CBCT在牙中牙诊断和治疗中的临床应用

目的:探讨CBCT在牙中牙诊断及治疗中的临床应用价值。方法:对3例经X线根尖片或曲面体层摄片发现的牙中牙病例进行CBCT扫描。利用CBCT三维重建影像,观察牙中牙的根管腔形态、内陷牙的数目和内陷牙髓腔的形状以及治疗后牙中牙内腔隙的封闭情况,并且与X线根尖片、曲面体层摄片比较。结果:CBCT能清晰显示牙中牙的根管腔形态、内陷牙的数目和内陷牙髓腔的形状以及治疗后牙中牙内腔隙的封闭情况等。结论:CBCT扫描能够全面地提供牙中牙治疗前后的影像信息,有利于牙中牙的诊断和治疗。     

甘肃兰州海石湾中侏罗世Coniopteris nikaensis的大化石及原位孢子特征

本文对采集于甘肃省兰州市海石湾镇中侏罗统窑街组的一块真蕨类化石进行了系统描述。当前标本最显著的特征是,小羽片分裂2～3次,相邻羽片相互接触或略叠覆,同时保留有完整的实羽叶,通过与前人已报道的蕨叶、叶脉、羽片、小羽片分裂的程度及裂片形状等特征的对比分析,发现其与Coniopteris nikaensis的基本特征完全符合,可明确该化石植物为C.nikaensis,属于窑街盆地的首次报道。经过实验分析,揭示了C.nikaensis的原位孢子基本特征：孢子三缝,赤道轮廓亚三角形,三边微凹,顶角钝圆,直径平均约35 μm;射线较窄且平直,具微弱发育的唇,长度约为孢子体半径的3/4或更长;外壁薄,表面光滑。本研究为完善窑街盆地古植物群面貌提供了新材料,窑街盆地和宝积山盆地相较伊犁盆地更适宜Coniopteris的生长。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因及分布

奥陶系盐下白云岩储层是鄂尔多斯盆地中东部天然气勘探的重要接替领域.基于钻井岩心、微观薄片、物性分析及地球化学特征等资料,应用微区多参数实验分析方法,对奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因与分布开展了系统研究.结果表明:①奥陶系盐下主要发育颗粒滩白云岩和微生物白云岩储层,其中颗粒滩白云岩储层岩性为砂屑白云岩、鲕粒白云岩和粉—细...     

基于FLAC3D不同降雨速率下土洞致塌规律研究

针对桂林市临桂区岩溶塌陷易发区域,采用FLAC3D模拟不同降雨速率下的强降雨入渗过程,探究不同直径土洞在强降雨作用下的致塌规律,结果表明：（1）强降雨条件下,不同直径土洞最大位移均出现在洞顶部。降雨速率相同,洞顶竖向位移增长速率随土洞直径的增加呈整体加快的特点;加快降雨速率,竖向位移增长明显,竖向位移与土洞大小呈正相关。（2）相同降雨速率下,土洞直径增大会引起土洞底部剪切破坏区域进一步扩展。上覆土层在强降雨初期主要受到潜蚀作用,加快降雨速率,土洞底部水位剧烈波动对上覆土体产生的水击气爆成为主导作用,剪切破坏速率加快,洞趾剪切应变明显增加,当土洞直径达到3 m时,水位波动愈加剧烈,加速上覆土层破坏。（3）降雨速率的变化对土洞塑性区拓展范围具有不同程度的影响,较大直径的土洞在加快降雨速率时塑性区拓展范围明显扩大,即土洞大小、降雨速率对上覆土层稳定性具有较大的影响。研究结果为定量研究强降雨与上覆土层塌陷的关系提供了依据,对有效、合理地预警岩溶塌陷具有一定的意义。     

矢量元胞自动机中的邻域影响力度量——以深圳市为例

基于矢量元胞自动机(cellular automata,CA),对深圳市城市土地利用变更模拟中的邻域影响力进行了讨论,选取矢量密度因子及矢量邻域索引构建邻域影响力函数.根据深圳市路网数据及相关参数权重,计算地块通达度及发展为居住或生产用地的适宜度,同时结合政府规划的土地利用分区状态进行土地利用变更的模拟.使用Kappa...     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中段构造混杂带特征及其构造意义

<正> 混杂体(Melange)是由板块俯冲过程中所导致的各种构造作用而混杂形成的一些杂乱地质体。它的主要特征是大小不同的各类岩块嵌在比较塑性,遭到强烈剪切作用和破碎作用的基质中,每一混杂体都包括基质(matrix)、外来岩块(exotic block)和原地岩块(native block)三部分。根据其中含有时代新于基质的外来岩块和基质的强烈剪切变形而区别于沉积成因的滑塌体(Olistostrome),又可根据基质的塑性形变和外来成分岩块的普遍出现而区别于一般构造产物(破碎岩、构造角砾岩等)。     

青藏高原壳幔结构构造的基本特征

青藏高原是新生代以来由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞而迅速隆起,平均海拔超过4000 m的高原,是研究碰撞过程和形成演化的理想窗口。有关青藏高原的碰撞过程及印度板块岩石圈北缘界线,至今仍然存在较大争议,这可能主要是由于不同研究方法获得认识的差异性和局限性所导致。基于此,本文利用前人深部结构资料,讨论了高原岩石圈的壳幔构造及物质组成等,并从新的地质视角讨论了班怒带的大地构造属性。通过梳理前人的深部结构资料,认为青藏高原的壳幔岩石圈结构较为复杂,如高原内部岩石圈厚度显著大于周缘地区,中下地壳及上地幔广泛分布着低速高导层,这些特殊的地质地球物理结构是印亚板块碰撞的结果。此外,本文进一步对比分析了班怒带的地质与地球物理结构,揭示该构造带两侧存在显著的差异,认为其是印度岩石圈的北缘,这对于认识青藏高原的形成演化具有重要的意义。     

孔隙压力对煤岩基质解吸变形影响的试验研究

煤层气开采过程中,伴随着煤层气不断地吸附、解吸和渗流,煤体产生变形,极易导致煤和瓦斯突出事故。以晋城天地王坡煤矿为例,通过实验室内试验,模拟煤层气在复杂地层漫长的形成和逐渐开采过程,得到了孔隙压力与解吸量、应变的变化关系,并拟合得出其相应关系表达式,揭示了一些新的规律:(1)初期解吸速度较快,解吸量随时间的增长而不断增加,后期解吸速度减缓,解吸量逐渐趋于稳定;(2)孔隙压力与解吸量、应变呈现抛物线曲线关系,随孔隙压力的升高,吸附和膨胀变形占主导,其值均在增大;(3)存在最小孔隙压力值,随孔隙压力的增大,解吸时间增长,孔隙压力越小,吸附解吸规律越不明显,对于晋城天地王坡煤矿3#煤样,该值在1.0MPa左右;(4)不同加载方式对解吸量和变形量影响较大,先部分加载吸附后全部载荷解吸结果同比加全部载荷吸附解吸结果高13%～77%。试验结果可为煤层气(CBM)抽放安全和煤与瓦斯突出防治提供理论依据。