Relief degree of land surface and its influence on population distribution in China

The relief degree of land surface (RDLS) is an important factor for describing the landform at macro-scales. This study defines a concept for RDLS and applies the concept for population distribution study of the entire country. Based on the concept and macro-scale digital elevation model datum and ARC/INFO software, the RDLS at a 10 km×10 km grid size of China is extracted. This paper depicts systemically the spatial distributions of RDLS through analyzing the ratio structure and altitudinal characters of RDLS in China. The con-clusions are drawn as follows: the RDLS in more than 63% of the area is less than one (1) (relative altitude is less than 500 m), reflecting the fact that most of RDLS in China is low. In general, the RDLS in the west is larger than that in the east and so is the south than that of the north in China. The RDLS decreases with the increase of longitude and latitude and the change of RDLS at the latitudes of 28°N, 35°N, 42°N, as well as at the longitudes of 85°E, 102°E, 115°E could reflect the three major ladders of China. In the vertical direction, the RDLS increases with the increase of altitude. Analysis of the correlation between RDLS and population distribution in China and its regional difference shows that the R2 value between RDLS and population density is 0.91 and RDLS is an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of population. More than 85% of the people in China live in areas where the RDLS is less than one (1), while the population in areas with RDLS greater than 3 accounts only for 0.57% of the total. The regional difference of correlation between RDLS and population within China is significant and such correlation is significant in Central China and South China and weak in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.     

CO2-ECBM中气固作用对煤体应力和强度的影响分析

基于固体表面能下降是引起固体膨胀的动力源的理论,给出了煤体吸附CH4和CO2后的膨胀应力的计算公式,对CO2和CH4吸附引起的膨胀进行了计算和分析,为评估CO2注入煤层后吸附引起的膨胀对煤层力学稳定性的影响提供了理论依据。取Griffith断裂理论中临界应力为煤体强度指标,给出了煤体吸附气体后强度下降的计算公式,对煤体自由膨胀条件下吸附CH4和CO2强度降低的情况进行了对比分析。     

Application of an integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment: a case study in the Bohai Sea

An integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment,which integrates both water quality indicators(causative factors) and ecological response indicators(effect factors),is described.It is then applied to rank the eutrophication status of the years 2007 and 2008 in the southwest Bohai Sea.The assessment model identified that north Bohai Bay and west Laizhou Bay were the two areas with the most serious eutrophication problems in the southwest Bohai Sea.In addition,compared to that in the west Laizhou Bay,the eutrophication conditions in the north Bohai Bay was more serious in both years.Eutrophication problems such as harmful algal blooms(HABs) and low dissolved oxygen(DO) events in north Bohai Bay were frequent.The integrated method outmatched the currently used Chinese nutrient index method by definitely identifying areas with the most serious eutrophication problems,while the nutrient index method gave ambiguous results between the two years.Inclusion of both causative factors and effect factors,combining concentration,spatial coverage and frequency of indicators,as well as use of multi-season monitoring datasets in the methodology result in a more accurate,representative and useful assessment.     

Henry’s law constant for phosphine in seawater: determination and assessment of influencing factors

The Henry’s Law constant (k) for phosphine in seawater was determined by multiple phase equilibration combined with headspace gas chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on k were studied. The k value for phosphine in natural seawater was 6.415 at room temperature (approximately 23°C). This value increases with increases in temperature and salinity, but no obvious change was observed at different pH levels. At the same temperature, there was no significant difference between the k for phosphine in natural seawater and that in artificial seawater. This implies that temperature and salinity are major determining factors for k in marine environment. Double linear regression with Henry’s Law constants for phosphine as a function of temperature and salinity confirmed our observations. These results provide a basis for the measurement of trace phosphine concentrations in seawater, and will be helpful for future research on the status of phosphine in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.     

2000国家重力基准现状分析

分析国家重力基准的现状,对国家重力基准的建立和维护提出建议.     

基于分县尺度的中国人口分布适宜度研究

以人口空间分布及其与资源环境和社会经济协调性评价为核心,提出了一整套人口与资源环境和经济社会发展协调水平评价的指标体系与模型方法;以分县为基本单元,定量评价了2010 年中国人口与资源环境和社会经济发展的协调性和协调程度;根据人口分布适宜度高低和限制性差别,划分了中国分县人口分布适宜等级和限制类型,定量揭示了中国不同地区人口与资源环境和社会经济协调发展的时空格局和地域特征。研究表明：① 2010 年中国有3/5 以上的县（市、区） 人口分布与人居环境基本适宜,中国分县人口分布与人居环境自然适宜性保持了高度一致性;② 2010 年中国有1/2 以上的县（市、区） 人口发展基本不受水土资源约束,分县人口分布与水土资源适宜性处于中等水平;③ 2010 年中国有超3/5 的县（市、区） 人口与社会经济发展基本协调,人口分布的社会经济协调性良好;④ 2010 年中国近3/5 的县（市、区） 人口分布适宜度在60 以上,人口资源环境与发展处于基本协调或相对协调状态;⑤2010 年中国分县人口资源环境与发展的协调程度东部优于中部、中部优于西部;⑥ 2010 年中国分县人口分布适宜度可划分为人口资源环境与发展基本协调、相对协调、有待协调和亟待协调4个适宜等级与10 个限制类型。     

基于GIS的中国人口重心的密度分级与曲线特征

In this paper, with the spatial analysis functions in ArcGIS and the county-level census data of 2000 in China, the population density map was divided and shown by classes, meanwhile, the map system of population distribution and a curve of population centers were formed; in accordance with the geographical proximity principle, the classes of population densities were reclassified and a population density map was obtained which had the spatial clustering characteristic. The multi-layer superposition based on the population density classification shows that the population densities become denser from the Northwest to the Southeast; the multi-layer clustering phenomenon of the Chinese population distribution is obvious, the populations have a water-based characteristic gathering towards the rivers and coastlines. The curve of population centers shows the population densities transit from the high density region to the low one on the whole, while in low-density areas there are relatively dense areas, and in high-density areas there are relatively sparse areas. The reclassification research on the population density map based on the curve of population centers shows that the Chinese population densities can be divided into 9 classes, hereby, the geographical distribution of Chinese population can be divided into 9 type regions: the concentration core zone, high concentration zone, moderate concentration zone, low concentration zone, general transitional zone, relatively sparse area, absolute sparse area, extreme sparse area, and basic no-man's land. More than 3/4 of the population of China is concentrated in less than 1/5 of the land area, and more than half of the land area is inhabited by less than 2% of the population, the result reveals a better space law of China’s population distribution.     

重庆秀山小茶园锰矿南华系大塘坡组古环境*

认识渝湘黔地区南华系的沉积构造背景可以为该地区锰矿勘探提供新的依据,基于此,文中对重庆秀山小茶园锰矿ZK0606钻孔的南华系千子门组和大塘坡组开展了系统的沉积环境和地球化学分析。沉积相分析结果表明,该套地层共可划分出冰水浅海、局限边缘盆地和浅水陆棚3种沉积环境。地球化学分析结果表明,研究区大塘坡组稀土元素总量较高、富轻稀土元素、具Eu负异常,结合Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值等,推测其形成于被动大陆边缘背景。根据微量元素含量及其比值(U、V、Mo、V/Cr)等推测,大塘坡组一段沉积于缺氧—贫氧沉积环境,而大塘坡组二段逐渐过渡到氧化沉积环境;根据Al/Ca值、化学蚀变指数(CIA)等指标分析,该套地层自下而上化学风化强度逐渐增大、陆源碎屑供给增多,这可能与Sturtian冰期结束、气候变暖和海平面迅速升高有关。综合上述分析结果认为,重庆秀山小茶园锰矿主要产出于大塘坡组一段下部相对深水厌氧的局限边缘盆地环境中。     

厦门台地形变观测资料中的“海岛”效应

列举了在厦门台地形变观测资料中经常出现的四种"海岛"效应现象,并给出了其可能的解释。结果表明:某一台站的观测资料实际上受观测环境的制约,厦门台地形变观测资料中的"海岛"效应就是海潮、地下介质结构以及仪器的架设方位等多种因素相互作用的结果。     

垂直基准定义及联接

介绍了利用地球位模型、地面重力资料、GPS和水准测量结果确定定全球高程基准及局部性垂直基准联接的基本原理和方法 ,给出了计算公式 ,并列出了国际上有关研究所获得的主要成果 ,最后对我国所需要进行的相关研究工作提出了建议